"Overton Window" - yintoni na lo mbono?

Ngokwentelekiso kuqala ukuba ukupapasha amanqaku leyo echazwe kakuhle elinye theory yolawulo yenkampani. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba umphandi ndikudalile oko ubizwa ngokuba "Overton Window." Ithiyori ngokwaneleyo khorwisaka lichaza indlela ulawulo loluntu kunye yolwazi abantu kunye noluntu luphela, nto leyo kwinkulungwane lokugqibela kwiziko Euro-Atlantic of igunya lehlabathi. Eyona njongo ephambili yolu amanyathelo okunjalo dehumanization, urhwaphilizo, depersonalization kunye razchelovechivanie yonke iyaxela lwentlalo.

Kakuhle eli theory

"Overton Window" - yintoni na le ndlela? Le ngcamango lezopolitiko ichaza imida iimbono yamkelwe kunokwenzeka kuluntu. Isakhelo amathuba kunye ekhoyo zezona uhlobo window.

Le mbono uveza uzinzo kwezopolitiko umbono othile. Kubonakala ukuba soyise iingqondo zabantu ukuba asikwazi ngokucelwa a sikatata. Nawuphi na umbono uya kuvunywa yiNkampani kuphela xa iwela i "window". Noko ke, kubonakala kuluhlu kwabo iingqiqo, ezo kwixesha elinikiweyo ziya kwamkelwa ngabantu. Emva koko, le ngcamango ziya kuba nako ukulandela ngqo lo mgaqo-nkqubo, ngaphandle kokoyika izityholo lukhuni okanye radicalism. Utshintsho le "window 'kwenzeka kwimeko yeenguqu izimvo zoluntu kunye nokwenza salapha okanye loo nkqubo.

Indaba

American ngezentlalo Dzhozef Overton window amathuba okuqalisa nesenzeko engamkelekanga kakubi bafunda kwaye thaca izimvo zoluntu ngowe-1990 Kweli xesha, waba likamongameli Mackinac Centre for Centre nkqubo kaRhulumente.

"Overton Window" - luni impembelelo uluvo loluntu? Oku ayikho kutyhefeka kwengqondo, kunye nobugcisa nobunzima kakhulu. Esebenzayo yenza isicelo kwindlela engaguqukiyo, ngokunjalo into zavualirovannost igalelo ixhoba.

Ngokomzekelo, abantu sele yamkelwe subculture gay kwakunye ilungelo labo ukwamkela abantwana, ukuba ukutshata kunye nokukhuthaza baziphatha. Ngelo xesha linye kuye kubekho intetho malunga yokuba konke oku ngokwemvelo yezinto. Noko ke, oko akunjalo ukuba ekholisayo Dzhozef Overton ngo-1990 Umbhali watyhila yonke iteknoloji enegalelo kokutshatyalaliswa amaziko oluntu, nto leyo semthethweni ngokuziphatha kakubi. Kwaye ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo, kuyimfuneko ukwenza onke amanyathelo ezintlanu, ukuya 5 "Overton Window." Kule uluntu luqala ukuba asihambisani ingcamango akwamkelekanga kuye, ukuhamba naye ukuya isikhundla efanelekileyo, uze nindinyamezele isiziba esitsha-mthetho, nto leyo eza kuqiniswe ilungelo lokuba khona de kutshanje into emangalisayo.

Qwalasela i "Overton Window" umzekelo mu nje. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ingcamango semthethweni amalungelo abemi 'ukuba ukutya omnye emangalisayo ngokupheleleyo. Andise yale meko ukuze ngokwandisa ngeli xesha nje akunakwenzeka. Society ngokuqinisekileyo uya ukuveza baqhankqalaze esi senzo ezoyikekayo. Nangona kunjalo, xa uqala ukusebenzisa i "Overton Window", oko kuya kukunika abo banqwenela ukukhuthaza le mbono? Ngokutsho kwithiyori le ngezentlalo American, isisombululo sale ngxaki ekhoyo okwangoku kwinqanaba zero, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "lee." Le ngcingane kuqaliswa kuphela emva kokugqitywa onke amanqanaba iifestile ithuba. Kusebenza ngendlela ngaphandle koqiniso.

Kweli ithiyori, leyo ubuxoki ubamba iingqondo zabantu, elidume uthi Nikita Mikhalkov kwinkqubo yakhe yokudala "Besogon". "Overton Window" ngokwembono yakhe, basoloko yethu screen TV, ngalo ingqondo yomntu ingangena nantoni na.

ubuchwepheshe

kwabantu american ichaza izenzo ukuba uluntu ukuba semthethweni ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na ingcamango. Technology "Overton Window" njengesifundo ngumbhali. Nje wachaza iindlela ezikhoyo, ukusetyenziswa leyo ekhokelela kwisiphumo oyifunayo. Ngamanye amazwi, Overton thaca sele iteknoloji lisebenza leyo, ukusebenza kwaso ngaphezulu fusion nokukhutshwa.

Inqanaba lokuqala

Yokuqala kwelinqanaba ingcamango "Overton Window" - yintoni na le sigaba, ubasukelayo yintoni injongo? Ukuze ufumane isiphumo ayinqwenelayo inyathelo lokuqala kufuneka:

- ukuphelisa abangafuniyo ukuthetha ngayo ingxoxo into ethile;

- yenza ingcamango waziwa phakathi kwamalungu oluntu ngokubanzi;

- ikhokelela ingxoxo lwesiqhelo le meko;

- ukukhulisa olu luvo le meko imixholo ebalulekileyo yehlabathi.

Ukuze kufikelelwe kule njongo into ethile usiwe kwindawo ulwazi njenge ezinkulu-ucingo. Le meko iingcinga ziya kutsala umdla kuluntu.

Ngaphezu koko, imisonto ingxoxo makazizele ngcembe ukuya umbutho. "Makube lee" ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya "ngokupheleleyo". Siyathandaza luluntu okanye lowo mkhuba, leyo kummandla sokurhoxiswa, uya naziphi imithombo yolwazi nakweyiphi umzekelo othile. Oku kuza kubeka ekuqaleni shazi njongo elungileyo - ukufumanisa ukuba into embi kangaka, yaye kutheni ungenzi nto? Into elandelayo ke kwisigqibo sokuba abanye abantu benze kanye oko, ngoxa bonwabile.

Mhlawumbi "nokunabisa" umbono "Overton Window" mu. Ukuze aguqulele kuyo ngezenzeko uzicinge kwingingqi ngokugqibeleleyo, uyakwazi ukuqokelela nxaxamelo ethnological ingqalelo isihloko ezifana "izithethe Exotic zezizwe zasePolynesia." Apha, izazinzulu ziya kuxhomekeka ukuthetha ngayo le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa inyama, nto leyo eya kuba imfundiso yokuqala intshukumo ebizwa ngokuba "Overton Window." Eli nyathelo, leyo echazwe kubuyekezwa uluvo ezikhoyo zoluntu ziya ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo ezazingasombululeki emihle. Inqanaba lokuqala sifikelelwe. Theme yaziswa ejikeleza watshabalalisa owalela kwi ngokuxoxa.

Le ngcamango kwilizwe lethu imizekelo ebonisa. "Overton Window" ndazama ukuhamba, ukubuza umbuzo kwi kumajelo eendaba malunga nokwenzeka lokuhanjiswa iLeningrad ukuze aphephe ukufa inani elikhulu labantu, kwaye ikwabonisa uthelekiso yintshatsheli Russian Olimpiki kunye negosa SS. Ezi iimeko ezithile yesigaba sokuqala sale thiyori, xa umxholo livela kummandla exclusion. Ukuba inkampani uyavuma ukuthatha elo nyathelo, amanyathelo eseleyo kuya kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngethamsanqa, i baseRashiya abazange uxoxe ngezihloko ecetywayo ngabo, bewagqala ngokucacile onyeliso.

umlenze yesibini

ngakumbi njani isombuluka "Overton Window"? Ithiyori iqwalasela inqanaba elilandelayo inyathelo inguqulelo ukusuka 'ezinkulu "kwi" eyamkelekileyo ". Phakathi kweenjongo eziphambili zale nqanaba - kufakwe kweekhonsepthi ngaphambili abangafuniyo apho uluntu ugiba amagama ngaphambili ziguqulelwa ngendlela euphemisms cala ngokweemvakalelo. Kule meko yesono iyatshintsha intsingiselo yalo yokuqala. Inikwe igama enika engathandekiyo entle. Ngelo xesha linye inika iinkcukacha malunga umntu zembali okanye isiganeko echaphazela indlela enye okanye enye phambi buyinto engamkelekanga. izenzo ezinjalo kungafaneleki, kodwa yinxalenye yoluntu aze abanike ingcamango yokuba sonke izono.

Malunga nendlela ukuze kuphuhliswe inkqubo yokuqinisa inyama, njengemizekelo kunokwenzeka. "Overton Window" uya kuqhubeka eshukumisa kunye nokuqhubeka acaphulayo izazinzulu. Oku kukhokelela ingcamango yokuba umntu akafuni ukuxoxa esi sihloko, alibandakanyi ulwazi. Kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa a bigot okanye yentshembenxa. Okunxuseneyo yemeko ebuhlungu ethile igama ebukekayo kufuneka inikwe. Le ngongoma kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba semthethweni iingcamango lee. Njengoko alisekho ngenxa mu. Kukho, umzekelo, anthropophagy. Ukuba le nkcazelo iza kungekudala kuqwalaselwa ekhubekisayo, oko ngokukhawuleza indawo ngomnye.

Injongo ukuziqambela amagama amatsha kukho ukunxaxha uhlobo ingxaki kunye nobhalo yayo. Imilo ye ushiya intetho kunye nesiqulatho sayo, nto leyo ogqwetha abachasi ezizinzululwazi iingxoxo ezinzima.

Kunye mdlalo kukho ukudalwa amagama reference Zibe. Ukukhanya uza kuncothulwa wasentsomini, yembali, ngoku, okanye nje ityala etsomo, ekufuneka lwenza. Fumanisa ukuba i "ubungqina" edlalwa, umgaqo, kunokwenzeka ukuba semthethweni mu. Hi xikombiso, hi nga tsundzuka kwebali umama, ukusindisa abantwana babo unganxanwa, kunxila ligazi labo. Kwaye oothixo bamandulo! Batya ngokubanzi zonke emgceni. AmaRoma ayekholelwa le nto eqhelekileyo nezendalo! Ecaphula ezi zimvo, ababhali siceba ukuba asondeze beqhawe mu angohlwaywa mthetho. Ku vuriwa yini loko kwaba nakanye kuphela nayiphi na umzuzu nembali ethile yelo xesha.

Isigaba sesithathu

Psychology "Overton Window" kweli nqanaba ijolise:

- imvume ingcamango yokuba igesi yendalo kunye nesimilo zendalo isenzeko phantsi kwengxoxo;

- kubulawe noluvo njengesifundo akwamkelekanga ngokupheleleyo.

Kweli nqanaba kukho utshintsho ukusuka 'eyamkelekileyo' ukuya 'nengqiqo ". Le ngxaki, njengoko ngaphambili liphela, yahlulelwe kwii iintlobo ezininzi. Ezinye zazo loyikekayo, kwaye le yokugqibela zamkelekile kakhulu kwaye imnandi. Kulo mzekelo, uluntu thaca eninzi izimvo ezahlukeneyo yosuku ngalunye kwezi ntlobo zeengxaki ukuba baye bavakalisa amalungu ayo kakhulu nangokuhloniphekileyo.

Kweli nqanaba lwentshukumo, "Overton Window" ngokumalunga mu zinganikezelwa ngaxeshanye imbonakalo kumajelo eendaba zeengxelo ezinjalo:

- anthropophilia ukumqumbisa;

- umnqweno ukuba umntu-wowadlayo njengenxalenye yobume womntu;

- ingakumbi isiqhamo esalelweyo limnandi, njalo-njalo ..

Engqondweni yoluntu kudala esigangeni ngumntu edabini. abantu eqhelekileyo xa ebona umba bayavuka, balamkele kwaoko ubume weentshaba olukhulu. Ngelo xesha, iintatheli kunye izazinzulu zingqina ukuba lonke uluntu ukuba abantu kuyo yonke imbali ikhona amaxesha ngamaxesha, luphe into enye, kwaye oko yinto eqhelekileyo.

Isigaba sesine

Injongo yale intshukumo inyathelo "Overton Window" - kudluliselwe ingxaki ukusuka ibakala "nengqiqo" kwi "ethandwayo". Kweli nqanaba:

- Ukusasaza ulwazi ngumkhuba mass phantsi kwengxoxo;

- in the ezingqondweni kawonke laqalisa ingcamango lobukho yokwenene ingxaki;

- imizekelo eziphathekayo ezivela kubantu ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ingabangeli ukwaliwa labemi.

Ngenxa yoko, isigaba sesine kwendalo ethandwayo ezahlukeneyo isenzeko. Ngethuba ziqhube izibalo. amanani Media neziphumo zokunyuka ukuthandwa ingcamango xa uthetha malunga abantu ababandakanyekayo kule meko, yaye ngaloo ndlela anomtsalane nje kuphela yokuziphatha kodwa imbonakalo.

Yaye yintoni yathandwa mu? Anthropophagus kakhulu kuqaliswa imiboniso ntetho neendaba. Abantu baya kuba zisasazwe ngokubanzi eshukumayo, xa umboniso neengoma eyenziwa yi iimvumi. Kuyenzeka ukuba isicelo omnye popularization zobuchule, ebizwa ngokuba "Khangela emacaleni." Amajelo ingxelo ngoweqela mu umqambi odumileyo okanye umlawuli, kwaye uza kunikwa ulwazi malunga ukufumana izigidi bakhaya isidla-bantu kweli nuthouse.

Kweli nqanaba sihloko kuya kuza phezulu kwaye uqale samoproizvoditsya kwezopolitiko, yaye polubiznese njalo. D. Ukuze zokuzigwebela abaxhasi semthethweni le iingcamango yoyikeka na vugevenga humanized. Bona wabelwe ngendlela entle, Safumana iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo. Abantu abanjalo ukuba babe ngabantu creative, bona babe IQ ephezulu njalo njalo. D.

Elesihlanu Isigaba

Kule nyathelo kukho ingxaki ibakala translation "udumo" phakathi kwenkululeko "Political". Kulo mzekelo, ezi njongo zilandelayo:

- isenzeko wokuguqulela ibe ijelo yezopolitiko;

- isibhengezo kuphika ingcamango zokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu;

- ukusungulwa ezingqondweni zabantu sengqondo esibi ukuba ukwalela isenzeko.

Movement "Overton Window" kwesi sigaba, kunokwenzeka ngenxa iisaveyi ezininzi zentlalo, okubangela isenzeko uya ukuchazwa njenge kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Kulo mzekelo, ingcamango ngaphambili obonakala akwamkelekanga iqalisa ukuba ziqukwe kwi-ajenda kwingxoxo imiba efuna yokuhlala yezopolitiko okanye ngokusemthethweni. Kulo mzekelo, le ngxaki iya thaca kuluntu njengoko imfuno yokukhusela "abambalwa", nto leyo uphantsi kwentsongelo.

Kwinqanaba lokugqibela intshukumo, "Overton Window" ulungiselela umthetho. Society ngalo mzuzu sele boyisiwe. Kuphela nxalenye obuphambili iza ukumelana ephakamileyo kancinane isikhundla umthetho de izinto kutshanje nanto. Noko ke, uluntu xa lulonke luye ezaphukileyo, nangokumiswa ukoyiswa kwazo.

imiphumela technology

Ngenxa yokuya kuzo zonke izigaba ezintlanu ingcamango ebizwa ngokuba "Overton Window" abantu ulahlekelwa ngokuvumelana zalo. Endaweni yoko, kuphela intlungu ngaphakathi ubambene kuhlala kunye nabantu. Nabani unyanzelisa obu bugcisa ayenzi zijolise ukuba wonke umntu onwabe. intshukumo "Window" yenziwe ukufumana kumda wesangqa ayinqwenelayo ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Abasebenzisi ngaloo uqale ukulondoloza kunye nenkcubeko yabo neengcambu. Baba izisulu kunye kukutyeba. Umzekelo oku kunokuba izinga ukuzibulala kakhulu, nto leyo iqatshelwe kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Yiloo nto sinokuthi konke oku kungentla - iteknoloji intshabalalo ngokwenene. "Overton Window" kubathintela abantu besintu, ziyandulela ukuya entshabalalweni.

eliphikisayo

Melana impembelelo iingcamango zobuxoki inokuba ukusilela yonke kwaye usoloko 'eqhelekileyo ". Kuphela ukugcina ubuntu babo uqobo, asiyi kubanika wazibamba kwizandla engalunganga. Musa ukucela hit yi ukuphululwa omkhulu oluntu aya kwenza amasiko, lenkolo nenkcubeko wookhokho babo, ngubani kufuneka igcinwe ngenyameko yaye akhuselwe. Ezi amaxabiso obungunaphakade kuya kunceda ekulondolozeni umntu ngamnye ngamnye kwaye wonke umntu. Oku akuthethi ukuba silandele izithethe elide-sekonakele. Yanele ukuba ukuhlonipha kubo ivenkile. Kwaye Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuba ubuchwepheshe ochazwe Overton, abaninzi lula isicelo kuluntu enyamezelayo apho kungekho siseko, ungekho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi.