Abashevskaya itekisi: njani ukwenza izandla zakho

Kuzo zonke izihlandlo zoluntu, ukusuka kwizizwe zakudala ukuya kutsho namhlanje, wayehamba kunye nemidlalo. Ekuqaleni, lawa ayenobuninzi boothixo, abantu ababenqulayo, kodwa ngokuthe kancinci baba ngumbono ophuculisayo kunye nokuzonwabisa.

Isitokisi se-Abashev "siselula", olu hlobo lobugcisa bendoda luneminyaka engama-200 kuphela ubudala, kodwa linembali yalo kunye "nemvume yokuhlala" ethile.

Imbali yodada lokubumba

I-Pottery ixhomekeke kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuba ngubani owaqala ukubunjwa nokutshisa iimfuziselo zabantu kunye nezilwanyana kwizidaka zobumba emva kokubumba izitsha. Itheyibhile yebhaka ye-Abashev ibizwa ngokuba ngenxa "yayo" evela kwidolophana yegama elifanayo kwisithili saseSpassky sasePenza.

Kwidolophana yaseAbashevo ininzi imizi yayibandakanyeka ekuveliseni izitya, kodwa kwiifama ezili-12 baqala ukuvelisa amathoyizi ayefuna.

Abanye abanamathemba bathembela kwizithethe zangexesha elidlulileyo, kodwa kwakukho nalawo awanikezela kwiifom ezitsha ngokupheleleyo ezadluliselwa kwintsapho ukuya kwisizukulwana. I-Abashevskaya ithoyiyali, eyayihamba nayo imbali ngokuphathelele ngqo kwimbali yedolophana, yakwazi "ukusinda" kwaye igcine i-identity to today.

Idolophana yaseAbashevo

Uninzi lwabantu abahlala kwidolophana baxhomekeke kwi-Old Believers. Ukuphepha ukuthintana kunye neentlanga, i-schismatics yakhetha iintlobo zezinto zobugcisa, ezinokuthi zigcinwe kuluntu. Babenemithetho eqinile enqunyelwe ukuba baphephe ukungathembeki, zombini kwinqanaba lokunxibelelana, kunye neempawu zobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Inkolo yabo yaboniswa ngemishulo, "ikhadi lokubiza" elaliyilitye le-Abashev ngendlela yempondo ephethe izimpondo eziphakamileyo, njengeliphezulu ukuya ezulwini. Ininzi yezizathu zobuncwane bodongwe bezizitho zelwanyana, ezazisusela kumaxesha amandulo ngamaSlav zibonakalisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi:

• Intaka inenhlanhla, injabulo;
• Ihashe lalifanekisela ilanga;
• Ibhere - amandla, amandla kunye namandla;
• URam kunye neenkomo - isimboli sokuzala;
• I-Deer - ininzi.

UAbashevskaya itekisi (ifoto ityhila) yayisoloko iyenziwa ngabaphathi ngendlela yabantu abalisa isimo sengqondo sombhali wabo kwihlabathi elijikelezile. Ngokomzekelo, abafazi bafuzisela iintombi zasemadolobheni kwiidoti ezihlekisayo, kwaye isimo sengqondo kubasemagunyeni sasisoloko senziwa ngendlela yepolisa okanye ipolisa. Ukuba babenentaka ezandleni zabo, kuthetha ukuba amasela asemandleni.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-toy ase-Abashevskaya yayidume kakhulu kangangokuba imiboniso yayo yayingekho eMoscow kuphela, kodwa naseLondon naseParis.

Iimpawu ezahlukileyo zeetayithali ze-Abashev

Uhlobo oluthile lweemidlalo ezisuka kwidolophana yase-Abashevo ngokukhawuleza libahlula kwiindawo ezininzi zobugcisa ezenziwe ngamakhosi avela kwenye indawo. Imizimba edibeneyo kunye neentloko ezingenangqiqo kunye nentloko encinci kwizilwanyana kwakungumfanekiso wehlabathi elimangalisayo uLarion Zotkin. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ubujamo nombala weebhobho zobumba ukusuka ku-Abashevo sele sele ziqulunqwe ngokupheleleyo.

Nangona zonke "amaqhawe" amakhosikazi ase-Abashev ziyabonakala ngokucacileyo, zinempawu ezintle:

• Ihlanganiswe ngokungahambelaniyo izidumbu zezilwanyana zimi ngokukhawuleza kwiimilenze ezimfutshane, eziqhelekileyo;
• Izintongo ezinde zide ziphela entloko encinci;
• Amehlo athatyayo ngokunyamekileyo;
• Iintloko zeebhokhwe, iinkunzi zeenkomo, iinkunzi zeenkomo neenkunzi zeegusha zihlotshiswe ngeempondo ezinkulu, eziqhelekileyo ezininzi;
• Imigca ecacileyo yebhitshi, iindoda kunye neendevu.

Ngendlela yalo, ithoyilo lika-Abashev lifana nepeyinti yecala, xa abantu bexesha elidala befunda nje ukufaka ihlabathi elibajikelezile. Iiphondo zezilwanyana zifuzisela umthi wobomi, kwaye imisila yawo imingxuma apho kufuneka wenze ingxabano, ukuze i-toy iqale "ukuthetha". I-Masters evela ku-Abashev ayizange iveze imifanekiso ebomini, ayizange ifake i-movement yabo yezandla. Bonke ba "bemi" ngokunyanisekileyo kwienyawo zabo, bafanekisela iingcambu ezinamandla kunye nomhlaba-nonina.

Ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lobugcisa bendoda lugxininiswe kwelinye idolophana, lubekwe isiseko sokuzalwa kwamakhosi.

Inzala yamaMasters ase-Abashev

Inkosi yaseZotkin, iinduna ezidumileyo zamathoyi, zaqala ngo-Akinfii Frolovich, wazalelwa ngo-1883, kunye nomntakwabo uLarion. Abazukulu babo nabazukulu bahlala namhlanje kwaye baqhubela phambili izithethe zokhokho babo.

KwakunguLarion Zotkin kwiminyaka yama-20 kunye ne-30 eyanikela ubomi "obutsha" kwisitokisi se-Abashev. Idolophana yayilungiselela ubambiswano lobumbano. Umsebenzi wakhe wabumba isiseko semisebenzi yabalandeli bakhe. I-Abashevskaya ithabyiti (ifoto ibonisa yona) ineyeyamyuziyamu yayo, kodwa kungekuphela kwendawo yasemaphandleni imisebenzi yaseZotkin iboniswe. Ziye kwiimyuziyam zasePenza, eSergiev Posad nakwiiqoqo ezizimeleyo.

Phakathi kwamanye amagama anentsapho eyaziwayo yobukhosi, yiZuzenkovs, i-Malyshevs, i-Yeskins, i-Nagaev kunye nabanye. Isizukulwana ngasinye esitsha sazisa umboniso walo kumfanekiso wezitokisi ze-Abashev.

Ukulungiselela udongwe

Ngaphambi kokuba ucinge ukuba ungayifaka njani ithoyizi ye-Abashev, kufuneka unike ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ukulungiselela ubumba ukuze usebenze. Ngekhulu le-19, ukukhutshwa kwezidalwa zobumba eziyimfuneko kwakudla ngokuhambisana nobungozi ebomini. Kwakulungiswe ebusika kunye nokugcinwa kweenyanga ezininzi.

Namhlanje, udongwe lunokuthathwa kwi-quarry okanye kuthengwa kwivenkile. Ukuba udongwe oluvela kwindawo yokucima kwayo, ngaphandle kokufakelwa kwezixhobo zokwenziwa, kufuneka luqale lumile. Emva koko, udongwe lusemhlabathini, ukususa ukungcola, kunye nokuhlanjululwa ngamanzi kwisilinganiso se 1/3.

Kubalulekile ukuba ubunzima bubekho ngaphandle kwezibonda. Impahla ehlanjululwayo kufuneka ihlale yelinye ixesha, ukwenzela ukuba isanti kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo zihlale phantsi kwephepha.

Udongwe olucocekileyo ngale ndlela lumele lube lukhulu kancinci ukuya kumgangatho wovavanyo lokulahla, emva koko ulula ngokulula izandla zakho, ususe umoya ogqithiseleyo. Ukujonga ukulungelelwa kwedongwe ukuba kusebenze, kufanele kukhishwe "isobho" kwaye ukugoba ngokukhawuleza kwi-horsehoe. Ukuba ayifuni, ungaqala ukufanisa.

Umfanekiso wesitokisi se-Abashev

Namhlanje, enye yeendlela zokuhlakulela ukukhangela kwamandla, ukucinga kunye nomdla kwimisebenzi yobuqhetseba ebantwini kuqeqesha ukuba baveze amanani aseplastiki kunye nodongwe. Ukuqala ngeentsana ezilula kwaye ziqondakalayo "i-pancakes" kunye ne "sausages" zobumba, ungabonisa indlela yokuyikhanda umdlalo we-Abashev kwizigaba:

• Ilayini igqitywe ngeminwe ukufudumala loo nto kwaye yenze i-elasticity.
• Ukusuka kwipuphu yobumba lobumba "isobho" esinomzimba, njengophelo lwesarrot.
• Kwinqanaba elincinci lomsebenzi, faka ibha yokujikeleza yokhuni phakathi komyinge walo, oya kuvumela indawo engenakudinga ukuba ikhwelo lihlale ngaphakathi kwidonsa.
• Ingxenye ephezulu yodongwe billet phezu kwe-bend bend - oku kuya kuba intamo yesilwanyana, ukususela ekupheleni kwesikhumba esincinci.
• Ukusuka kwisiqwenga ukuthatha ibha, ukukhupha imilenze encinci, kunye nokukhupha "umsila" ngendlela yomlomo wombhobho.
• Yenza imingxuma emacaleni omthi ukuze ikhwelo lomshulo

Unokusika umgca kungekhona nje amehlo, kodwa "uboya", umkhonto, imihlobiso eyahlukeneyo. Abantwana abakhulileyo banokwenza izimpondo zabo ngokwabo, kulula ukuba abantwana baqale ngeenja kunye neekties abaziqhelana nazo. Le nto yokudlala iya kuba mnandi kuphela ngomntwana. Abantu abaninzi abadala baqala ukubandakanya ebhodini, enye yeyona nto yokudlala i-Abashevskaya.

Ukucoca kunye nokudweba

Emva kokuba imveliso isomile, kufuneka ikhutshwe. Abaphathi bamandulo basebenziselwa le njongo iimpondo ezizodwa - iifutha ezijikelezayo ezivela kwizitena ezikhanyelayo. Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bama-stoves babuyi-1.5 m ububanzi kunye no-2 m ubude, kwaye kanye kanye kwi-Abashovo nganye phantse zonke iigceke zazitywa ngeentlanga zenza izitya okanye amathoyizi aqinileyo kwaye azinzileyo.

Ukuthintela amathoyizi ekuqhekekeni, ayegxinwe kunye neengqayi, kwaye isitofu sasitshiswa nge-oki okanye ngamatye omlilo. Emva kokudubula kwisigaba esilandelayo, esasibanjwe uAbashevskaya itekisi - umbala. Ubonakaliswe ngendlela ebonakalayo yokudweba - umveliso ogqityiweyo wahlanganiswa ngoluhlu oluqinileyo lwepeyinti ekhanyayo ye-monochrome. I-Masters yekhulu le-19 yasebenzisa i-glaze, kodwa emva kokubonakala kwepeyinti yeoli, batshintshela kubo.

Efihliweyo ngopende lweoli, amanani abomile, emva koko izinto ezincinci zenziwe ngepeyti kwaye kwinqanaba lokugqibela zaye zahlanjululwa. Ngokufika kwe-enamel, isidingo sokwenza i-varnishing sinyamalale.

Kwimifumba yamanzi yamanje, le nkqubo ihamba ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhuseleko okukhulu kwemveliso, nokusebenzisa udongwe, kuthengwa kwiivenkile ezizodwa, akukho nto ilula kunokuba uyayiqonda indlela yokwenza umdlalo we-Abashev ngezandla zawo.

Imyuziyam eAbashevo

Imizamo yabantu abanomdla kunye neengcweti ezihlala eAbashevo namhlanje, kwindlu yangaphambili yaseZotkin, zineemyuziyam yokudlala eyenziwe ngodongwe. Kwiqoqo kukho imveliso yabaphathi be-19-ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kunye nalabo abavelisa amathoyizi kwi-artel, kwaye kamva kwiprani.

Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Abashev yokuloba

Ingxowa ekhethwe ngokukhethekileyo yokuvuselela i-toy yase-Abashev igxininisa izithethe zamakhosi asekudala ukuba ziqhubeke zihlala. Isiseko sikhuthaza abantu abatsha ukuba babonise umdla kule fomu yobugcisa, apho i-faculty entsha ivuliwe kwi-College yaseSpassky - "i-ceramics specialist".