Ubumba. Masters zodongwe. bokuqonda Main ubumba

ekuqaleni izinto zodongwe yaphuhliswa yobugcisa bakhonza ukwenziwa izikhongozeli amalunga nokutya okanye ziindawo ukuba ukugcina izinto ezinkulu kunye ulwelo. Namhlanje ke processing ngokuthi ukulolonga behamba umbumbi eyenzelwe ngokukodwa, waza ke imveliso esomileyo lisetyenziswa kwi njengeceba, kulandele calcining ngodongwe efunekayo. Ngaloo ndlela wenza izinto ezisetyenziswa kuyo nayiphi inkalo: izinto zekhaya, ulwakhiwo, umhombiso, imihombiso, zezikhumbozo. Ezi mveliso ibizwa ngokuba iiseramikhi zomdongwe, ukuba afumaneka kuzo zonke iimbombo iplanethi yethu.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu zobugcisa imveliso zomdongwe:

• imveliso izitena zokwakha;
• ukuvelisa ngodongwe okanye Ware ilitye;
• uphuhliso ngcono zodongwe okanye porcelain izinto.

Ngokusekelwe ubuchwepheshe, zonke iiklasi zodongwe efanayo omnye komnye, kodwa kukho inani kujonge izinto ezichaphazela eziphumo zokuphela konyaka. Owona mahluko - udongwe ibanga ukuba balala intliziyo imveliso.

indaba

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ubumba waye yobugcisa esetyenziselwa kuphela ukuvelisa izikhongozeli zokugcina izinto kunye nokutya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko zikhuliswe, enobutyebi wamzisa phambi kwethu namhlanje kule fomu, abanye babona ukuba ookhokho bethu. Ngenxa phambili zobugcisa baqalisa ukuba kuvela izinto ezintsha kusenziwa, baye neziphumo ukuvela izinto ezifana ngezitena elinjubaqa, xa zishishina zisithengisela ilitye, iithayile, iithayile, imibhobho yamanzi, isihombiso zokwakha kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Ngenxa yokuba uluntu sakuqhela usike uze uhombise zomdongwe, izitya zomdongwe ukusuka kudidi wobugcisa wafudukela kudidi lwe zobugcisa. Ukwenza iimbiza ngodongwe babethandwa ngamakhoboka ukususela uluntu leva khona izinto amaninzi kule planethi - udongwe kunye neempawu zayo.

I-Old Testament iqulethe iimbekiselo ezininzi kumsebenzi yombumbi kunye neemveliso zayo. Iimpahla ezindala zodongwe, ekucuthekeni ke kwamaxesha ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali, wayigqiba yi yesandla somntu, ngokulandelelana, baba rhoqo imilo. Kungekudala emva koko, kukho iimveliso ngeenxa kwaye okweqanda, wenza ngokucacileyo usebenzisa ivili zombumbi. Imbali engafakwanga iinkcukacha imbonakalo ngqo kwisangqa, kodwa ukukhankanywa isondela ukusuka kumaxesha amandulo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Asia kuqala porcelain yokuqala ukuvela kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba zeengqayi China phambili ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ehlabathini lonke.

isizwe nganye namasiko alo enxulumene kulo msebenzi, lwaba zobugcisa. Ngoko kumazwe aseAfrika ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ziye wenza iimbiza ngesandla, womise udongwe lwaqhutywa kwi-ilanga kunye nesoda iimveliso zenziwe ngoncedo iindiza umqadi nomlilo.

Yona eYurophu, kuxhomekeke ubumba ngenkulungwane yesibhozo na ukuhla ngokupheleleyo. amaSilamsi Spanish kuphela wamnika ukutyhalwa, malunga nexesha elinye, kwakukho imveliso zagutyungelwa njengeceba.

Ubumba wafumana ngexesha layo ngeenxa kwinkulungwane weshumi elinesithathu. Nokulatyuza kakhulu olothusayo yenzeka e-Italy, apho iye yasungulwa majolica - hlobo iiseramikhi, nto leyo yenziwe nodongwe. Florence banika ihlabathi senkosi enjalo ubuchule zodongwe, njengoko uLuka ishishini Robbia, imifanekiso bakhe kunye neminye imisebenzi zithathwa ikratshi yesizwe kwaye ngexesha lethu.

Ukusebenzisa technologies nomkroli Robbia, iifektri Tuscan baye elinye inyathelo phambili - izinto imveliso yephondo. Baya kuqala wadubula umlilo, ngoko ke nala njengeceba emhlophe, owenza imizobo, ebezikuyo imveliso leyo ixhomekeke calcination yesibini, unamandla ngaphezu kuqala. Majolica waqalisa ukwenza kuphela uhombiso bokwakha, kodwa nendlu izinto, zitsha, Izithombe.

Emva kokuphela zodongwe eItali, France wathabatha ikhuni. Kulapha yaqanjwa somlilo ukudubula udongwe.

KumaXesha Aphakathi ngodongwe ukuyila ukusebenzisa abantu abangamahlwempu kuphela, kwiiklasi aphezulu kusetyenziswa olovyanuyu, isiliva, negolide. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zomdongwe zilamkele umhombiso ebandleni. Apha yasetyenziswa ukuze udale eyimiphanda. Iimveliso ezifanayo ahonjiswe iicawa Novgorod neetempile yexesha le Romanovs.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo baqalisa ehlabathini lonke, ukuba kuvela mveliso yonke leyo bekwi zomdongwe.

ukubumba

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi iintlobo yodongwe ziyinxalenye inginginya, kwakunye uhlobo njengeceba, ukusuka apho zaveliswa. Ubumba ezi ndidi mbini: ashinyeneyo kunye nakwamanye amazwe.

Ashinyeneyo - ezo izinto ngexesha zokudubula ngenxa shushu edidekile, ibe nobunzima eyohlobo olulodwa esiqinileyo. Ekuveleni le mveliso kufana kwiglasi. Yena semi-selubala kwaye awunako ukufunxa ulwelo, kwaye sibetha intsimbi, enika ube yintlantsi. Umzekelo ashinyeneyo ngodongwe - imveliso yephondo.

Kunoko misindo, kwaphulwa lula, ulwelo lidlule. Phakathi kwezi mveliso - faience.

Kusenokubakho iimveliso ndingenguye uhlobo olufanayo, kwaye into inguqulelo phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini.

ekhasa

Olu didi zodongwe ephethwe yi kulandelayo:

• porcelain Nzima. ubunzima tho, kwawo, ocoliweyo, ilastiki, bomzi, oqinileyo, oko engabumbeki yintshukumo imela. Le imveliso yephondo iqulethe kaolin, itshokhwe, zwi kunye feldspar. Ku phantsi ukudubula ezimbini: kuqala ababuthathaka ukuba ulisibekele njengeceba, ngoko emva kokuba ukutyabeka olomeleleyo.
• porcelain Soft. Kwakhona ngokuba isiFrentshi. umxholo wayo - phantse ziselubala lead njengeceba. Kufuneka kwakhona ukudubula kabini, ekuqaleni onamandla kunene kuphela, kodwa ekupheleni ngokuncipha.
• porcelain Neglazurirovanny okanye umqathane. It has porcelain mass njengesiqhelo.
• Paria. Ngokobunzima na likufutshane porcelain ethambileyo, ukuba abe nombala bulubhelu, trudnoplavky.
• Carrara. White, bukhanye. bulikhulu - yinto umnqamlezo phakathi iimveliso namatye pariyanom.
• iimveliso Stone. Bona lubonakala ngokuba ubunzima oxineneyo ocoliweyo-olungisiweyo. Kukho iimveliso eziqhelekileyo nokuthantamisa, ikakhulu emhlophe.

misindo

Esi sigaba sibandakanya:

• faience Nesisa. Kuyinto umxube ngodongwe eliyinjubaqa kunye dust. Kubhaliwe wambu ukutyabeka ngaphaya. Weight ring opaque.
• zodongwe Ordinary, okanye majolica. Le mass red-tyheli, emva badubula igutyungelwe olovyanoy zokwaleka ngaphaya kwawo.
• Iimpahla ze nodongwe lodaka kunye ognepostoyannoy. Ezi ziquka izitena, iithayile, imibhobho yamanzi, njl
• mass elinyukayo rock, okanye, njengoko kuthiwa, ubumba. nokubunjwa kwayo - nodongwe nyulu kunye amaqhekeza lweso kweemveliso ugqibile. Isetyenziswa umhombiso zitsha kunye nezinye izinto.
• ubumba Ordinary. Ubunzima eyenziwe ngodongwe, Marl udongwe, kwaye ukusuka zimnyama bakhokele njengeceba.

Izinto zodongwe

Ukwenza izitena, imveliso kunye zodongwe, kufuneka wenze umsebenzi ilandelayo: ukwenza ubunzima ngodongwe, ulubumbe, eyomileyo, litshise baze njengeceba. The basic izinto lokuvelisa iimveliso - na udongwe. potters Mfundisi ukhetha ukusebenzisa udongwe wombumbi, leyo unezixhobo viscosity olufunayo, kunye nokumelana yayo ubushushu ezilungele ukwenziwa kweemveliso. Nangona udongwe ngokwayo Unazo inqanaba eliphezulu ductility efunekayo kukuba ukongeza izinto abangabancedani ngenxa yokuba ngexesha zokudubula oko ngokukhawuleza yaye ucinezelo obungalinganiyo, ejika imveliso entweni nzima. Ukwenza imveliso elula kakhulu, kufuneka intlabathi ngakumbi, uthuthu, kwimbuphu yesarha, iimveliso zomgangatho ongcono kufuneka fireclay - powder, evela kwimveliso batyumke.

Kuba imveliso zodongwe lodongwe eziqhelekileyo misela ukuba ngaphambili kufuneka kusala iminyaka omnye okanye emibini kwisithuba emoyeni okanye emanzini. Emva ukuba yasiwa kwiibhokisi yamaplanga, kwi mveliso ukwenza oomatshini ezizodwa. Eli nyathelo kuyimfuneko ukuze ukucoca udongwe amatye okanye nobutyobo. Xa udongwe kubugoxo iibhokisi, isongiwe zaziimfumba ehlahliweyo ngemela kwi imbasa. Kwakhona ukuba zingafakwa kwiibhokisi yaye yasiwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kucanyagushelwa ngayo ubumdaka, leyo kuhlala kuyo. iimveliso grade Higher, ingakumbi ezingenambala ifuna amacandelo ngokugqibeleleyo ukuzicoca. Umthetho osisiseko izihlwele ebubonisayo ngodongwe - ukufana yayo. Ukuze zodongwe umgangatho zokucoca yahlulwe laziinyama amancinane, apho amanzi ngamanzi, yaye emva kwemini "otmokaniya" yakhululwa kumatshini nomkhombe. Amazinyo kumatshini kunye ujikeleziso ngokukhawuleza sika nodongwe, yaye umlambo kokudlulisela kwamanzi kwegumbi, ithatha ngamaqhekeza amancinci kakhulu echibini ekhethekileyo, ezinkulu kuhlala emazantsi. Swimming wokucoca pool ngenxa kwinqanaba elilandelayo, apho amasuntswana erhabaxa ezifakwe, kulandele omnye jet kubathwala echibini yesibini. It Udongwe lupheliswe ngokupheleleyo. Le iteknoloji isetyenziswa kuphela amanzi ashushu, kuba kulunge ngakumbi lokuqhawula iziqwenga zodongwe, kwaye inkqubo zokucoca kwandiswa ngenxa lobushushu elilelona kakhulu.

Olinganise amacandelo azimisele kwimveliso ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukuphazamiseka kuthetha kwakhona yenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ezomileyo, iincakuba okanye Jets amanzi. Yakuba ifunyenwe le mass uniform kusekho inani elikhulu maqampu ezingafunekiyo. Le ngxaki iyapheliswa okanye izixhobo ezizodwa, okanye iinyawo udongwe peretaptyvaetsya nje de ukuvumelana oyifunayo.

beqhumisa

Ngengqiqo emxinwa, iiseramikhi - yeyona udongwe efanayo, kodwa edlula badubula. Ngoko, xa "iiseramikhi" bathi, lenzelwe iimveliso ezenziwe ngezinto ezingaphiliyo (rhoqo clays) kunye nemixube yalo ongeziweyo ezahlukeneyo, ezo ziveliswa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu iyintsimbi- elandelayo.

Inkqubo beqhumisa iqala utshintsho ayibuyiseki umva kwakhona, emva koko izinto iguqulelwa ngodongwe. Iqondo lobushushu fusion aphezulu amasuntswana omhle kwenzeka kwiindawo apho qha.

Xa imveliso lobuchwepheshe porcelain enziwe iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo, ubushushu efunekayo kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo amacandelo. Ngamnye isilinganiso yayo feedstock ngokwakhe, ngokunjalo kwiqondo elithile:

• imveliso ngodongwe - 1000-1200 ° C ;
• yeemveliso yodongwe - 1100-1300;
• ekuveliseni porcelain - 1200-1400.

Product Technology calcination yenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo elivuthayo eziko - amakhulu, isiko engatshintshiyo. Kuxhomekeka amaqondo obushushu kunye nexesha inkqubo ukufumana iimveliso ezahlukeneyo esemgangathweni. Ngoko ke, iqondo eliphezulu ezikweni kwi kwimveliso akuthethi ukutshintsha de igcina kwimveliso epheleleyo inyanda iimveliso.

Ngaphezu koko, imbonakalo mveliso ogqityiweyo kuxhomekeke nokuqulunqwa yeegesi kwi ezikweni badubula. Oku kungabangela ezinye iqondo igcwala lomoya. Ukusebenzisa parameters ngokukodwa elikhankanyiweyo aokusetyenziswa loo zomdongwe lodongwe umbala ukutshintsha omdaka ukuya eluhlaza.

njengeceba Ukusebenzisa

Abanye umsebenzi ubumba akukho wambu njengeceba. Ezi ziquka izitena, iithayile kophahla, iimbiza ubumba. Ekuthiwa-Injengokubengezela yenziwa ukuze kukhuselwe ubumba ukusuka ukufuma kwemfuneko. efanayo Isiphumo afunyenwe ngobisi lidala yaye beqhumisa - indlela wokunikela imveliso ukuxhathisa imbonakalo kunye namanzi esihle.

Hayi eqolo ngodongwe glazuriruyutsya ekrwada ngexesha badubula efanayo. Oku kubizwa Anting. Umongo esi senzo kukuba ngexesha calcination ziko lilo ityuwa jikisa umphunga kwaye efakwe kwi nqaku. Kwi indawo apho izisa ezikhandelwa compound fusible ogama iimbovane.

Enye indlela coating kukuba njengeceba potolchennoy ibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo, afefe imveliso. Amaxesha amaninzi le imveliso rough-eyenziwe: iimbiza, imibhobho nezinye unfired. Phambi camera, imveliso smear yomgubo unama calcined.

Kakuhle eli Indlela yesithathu kukuba ephalaza imveliso njengeceba leyo eye ukuyondelelana kwendlela cream. A indlela efanayo isale iimveliso eziqinileyo ukuba musa kakhulu ukufunxa ulwelo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iintlobo imveliso yephondo kunye zodongwe.

Kwaye ke indlela yokugqibela kukuba imveliso yephondo kunye odongwe iimveliso babekwa kwisingxobo nge njengeceba. Lendlela yenzelwe ukuba imveliso, leyo siphantsi ukudubula buthathaka kwaye ekuqaleni lubamba ulwelo. Le-thaskbha ingumhlaba ibe ngumgubo ocoliweyo, entle ingxengelelwe ngamanzi. Kule ubisi ulwelo sifana ukuzibekela ixesha lokulala nelokuvuka, imveliso ibekwe, nto leyo ethintela lo mxube. Ngenye njengeceba enjalo unako ukwenza umzobo.

Art Therapy

In isingqi namhlanje, enye ufumana indlela ukuphumla. Enye yezona ndlela ezininzi ezintle engaqhelekanga - ukwenza ubumba. Kukho iindlela ezimbini ukuzama isandla sakhe ngeli art. Lokuqala - ukuthenga ivili sombumbi kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko ukuze Tutor. Zeengqayi ekhayeni lakhe - oko stylish kuphela kunye nendlela, kodwa kakhulu mnandi kuwe, usapho kunye nabahlobo bakho. Kulo mzekelo, u nga va igcisa ezamahala, zama iimilo ezahlukeneyo, ngokusekelwe ividiyo tutorials.

Indlela yesibini - ubumba yesikolo. Xa iklasi ka-afikayo, njengoko kufuneka, uya kukwazi ukuzama kwindima ubuhle, igcisa kunye uMdali le imikrolo.

Iingcali zengqondo zithi ubumba - indlela enkulu langutana ni ntshikilelo, ukuba elungeleleneyo ngakumbi kwaye uphulaphule. unyango Art, ngokutsho iingcali, enye yeendlela eziphambili yokulwa ukudandatheka kunye nezinye izifo luvo. Isizungu yevili wombumbi inceda ukuhlela iingcinga, nityeke les ezincinane ngemihla kwaye ufumane indlela yokuphuma kwiimeko ezinzima. "Uzinikelo olupheleleyo akayi ukusombulula iingxaki zakho, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kukunceda ukuba ufumane iindlela zokusombulula kubo", - ngazwi linye bathi oogqirha.

Products ngezandla zabo

Kuzo zonke ndlu kukho udongwe, yodongwe okanye imveliso yephondo. Ukuveliswa mass kunzima ukuba sekufika umntu izitya mveliso okanye ivazi ukuba iintyatyambo.

Ubumba - yinto emangalisayo amava mnandi kuba yonke intsapho. Wena ungaba fun, funda ishishini elitsha, ukuphuhlisa izakhono kunye dexterity.

Ndwendwela kamasifundisane wombumbi yokuqala, kuya kufuneka wenze imbiza wabo. ootitshala Uqaphele ngokuqhelekileyo nomonde abaqalayo, umbizele nokunceda zonke. Ubumba kuyanceda langutana ni ntshikilelo elincinane, ukuphazamiseka kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kunye neemveliso ukuba uzenze ngokwakho, kuya kubakho ithuba ukuba neqhayiya esinye koyisa phezu kwakhe. Ukongeza, emva kokuba wayesebenzela Circle singayiboni imbiza yakho, uya kukwazi ukupeyinta izandla zakhe. Apha uyakwazi ukubonisa zonke lengqondo. Le mveliso isipho egqibeleleyo lowo omthandayo.

amaqela Popular, zokuzalwa kunye neziganeko corporate zigcinelwe anomsebenzi engaqhelekanga enjalo. Eli lithuba elihle lokuthetha, ukuze ukwazi omnye komnye, nibone bokuyila wabahlobo babo. Ukongeza, le holide ngokuqinisekileyo kukhunjulwa ukohluka, ukuba nentsusa kwento kunye neemveliso zayo wenza ngokuzimeleyo yevili wombumbi, uya kuba isipho esikhulu kwinkumbulo yosuku emangalisayo. Kwaye omnye nengxaki italente kwaye siza kujongana nalo mba, kwixesha elizayo, ukuze uvule imyuziyam yakhe zodongwe. Ingakumbi kunandipha lo msebenzi abantwana. Ukuba kakuhle befaka ngodongwe, ngoko ke kufuneka azame abanike esikolweni ngodongwe. Oku kuya kunceda ukuphuhlisa izakhono motor kwezandla, zibe nefuthe kuyingenelo phezu isimo sana, kwaye iza kuvula izakhono ezinobuchule umntwana. umdlalo mnandi uvela ingqalelo, ukuyila kunye nokucinga.

A umdlalo okanye ishishini?

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje zodongwe zithandwa kakhulu. Basonta udidi iimveliso esoloko zifunwa kwaye efanelekileyo. Indlu nganye izinto zasekhitshini, zitsha, iimbiza, imifanekiso kunye zezikhumbozo ezahlukeneyo. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi kulo msebenzi, zibe yobuciko, iyathandwa kwaye ngokwemfuno. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba inkanuko zomdongwe ngokwandileyo ikhula iba ishishini ngokwenene. ubumba Own na ishishini eliphumelelayo kakhulu, kuba izinto eziphambili ekrwada - udongwe - izinto free ukuba ngokoqobo ilale phantsi kweenyawo zethu. Beautiful,, iimveliso umyili entsusa ukuzisa ingeniso elungileyo kumenzi. ubumba inkosi - yinto umsebenzi umphefumlo. Unga iyantluko ihlabathi, ukufumana ikuba eza kuwe inzuzo, kwakunye atyhila ubuchule bakho.

Ubumba idumile ehlabathini lonke. Nangona ukuba emashumini ezimbalwa iinkulungwane, oko ongacimekiyo fashion.