Oprichnina - uyoyikwa ngenxa ntoni?

Iminyaka oprichnina zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa karhulumente Russian. Tsar Ivan Grozny wathatha indawo yakhe phezu kwetrone 1547, ngexesha elinzima izenzakalo yangaphandle nangaphakathi yezopolitiko. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVI, eli lizwe kwakudingeka utshintshwano ezinkulu-scale. Nangona kunjalo oprichnina - alikho umlinganiselo yokuqala yehlabathi yezopolitiko Ivan IV etroneni. Yayikhokelwe akukho ibaluleke kangako ngenxa era yelizwe ngayo umsebenzi wePalamente onyuliweyo.

Uhlaziyo onyuliweyo rada

Igama inikwa ingqokelela eziliqela wabanumzana, abefundisi kunye namagosa karhulumente ababevela 1547 ukuya 1560 urhulumente eyona non-formal sikarhulumente. Ngokusisiseko, zonke ezo nguqulelo ukuba urhulumente zaye ejoliswe ekudaleni sama ngokwaneleyo kweli lizwe, urhulumente, imiyalelo zomthetho zolawulo eziqinileyo, njalo-njalo. Ngokwenene, i lonke yamandla enjengale ixesha ngokwayo. Emva absolutizing ukumkani kwixesha enye, oko kwenzeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu yaye ngelo xesha into eqhubekayo.

IMVELAPHI oprichnina

Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi kunye ubukho nje yePalamente owonyuliweyo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngokuchasene eziliqela yezizathu neminqweno Ivana Groznogo. Le ikhefu yokugqibela phakathi mlawuli kunye namaqabane akhe kwathi 1560, oko kubangele waqala oprichnina. Oku ikakhulu ngenxa yesizathu esilandelayo. King nje akazange kulungele kade, iphucukile le nguqulelo rada ezikhethiweyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwabonakala kuye ukuba izinduna ngabom kucothe lonke igunya ukugcina yokutyiwa feudal ukuqhekeka, yaye kunye nabo namandla yabo kwimimandla. Ngoko ke, ngo-1560 wayetyhola amalungu amabini ka-arhente yakhe owakhe uhulumeni ukuba uzimisele ukunikela ingqalelo ezandleni zabo onke amandla karhulumente. yintlantsi lokugqibela ekugqibeleni lithiwe rhuthu intiyo kukumkani Boyar begazi, waye nokutshintshwa omnye babesakuba ngamalungu karhulumente, Andreya Kurbskogo, eminqubeni zezibonda ngexesha Livonian War. Izizathu ezikhokelele kwesi igosa lakomkhulu, kwaba ukunganeliseki nje kunye ukungavumelani nesibakala sokuba ukumkani bemnyathela kumalungelo yamandulo inkululeko yabantu izinduna. Ivan Grozny, yena, wabona oku njengobungqina yohlobo yokuthengisa izinduna. Yaba emva kwelinqaku kokuba eyehlela oprichnina. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1565. Umlawuli ngokobuqu abathobelayo ukulwa lamajoni kwasekwa, ngoku amelwe ngamandla ukuseka ucwangco karhulumente.

iinguqulelo oprichnina

Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1560s e impangele yaba isiqalo nzima-ethwala kwi uzinxunguphalise elikhulu-isikali nxamnye basebukhosini. Oprichnina - inikeze engokoqobo intshabalalo ngokwasemzimbeni Boyar umaleko. Ukuze ezi njongo, eli lizwe yahlulwa izithili yolawulo ezimbini, enye yezi ndawo uba ikamva lobuqu yomlawuli, yaye igama le oprichnina. Inxalenye yesibini kwathiwa zemshchina kwaye isetyenziswa i Boyar Duma. Imida ye ilifa lobuqu Ivan IV esoloko ukwandisa ukulidla intsimi ngakumbi kweli lizwe. Noko ke, ukumkani wenza amalungelo olomeleleyo bona imvume izinduna ', unako ngokuqgibeleleyo wabulawa kwaye phantsi ukuhlazeka nabani abazithatha ungumngcatshi. Ndifanele kwakhona ndithi, emva kokuba demarche Andreya Kurbskogo ukumkani akubona bonke abanginizayo kunye nabavukeli yonke phakathi basebukhosini liphezulu.

Iziphumo zale oprichnina

Kwisithuba iminyaka embalwa, amakhulu iintsapho izinduna zaye bagxothwe emazweni patrimonial. Ukududuzelisa ifikelele incopho yawo ngowe-1570, xa isikhulu feudal lokugqibela eRashiya Vladimir Staritskiy wabulawa. Ngenxa yoko, kunye ngoloyiko kunye yokutyiwa feudalism iye yaphunyelelwa, evumela ekugqibeleni eMoscow ndawonye phantsi kolawulo lwakhe emazweni Russian, i bureaucracy eyiyo, inkqubo yolawulo kunye zomkhosi, kwakunye zibeke isiseko sexa elizayo yoBukhosi baseRashiya.