Zokuthundeza zebhayoloji ibizwa? I-enzyme zokuthundeza zebhayoloji

Umzimba womntu ibizwa mveliso kwemichiza ngokupheleleyo ndabulaleka. Ngapha koko, wonke umzuzu kuwo kwenzeka amawaka, amakhulu amawaka igcwala, cleavage, ukuchacha kunye nezinye ngayo. Oko kwenza ukuba uqhubeke kwisantya omkhulu onjalo, ngokubonelela iseli ngalinye amandla, ukutya neoksijini?

Ingcamango le ehlanganisa

Zombini chemistry ezingaphiliyo organic ezisetyenziswa into eyodwa ekwaziyo ukhawulezisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza e amawaka, yaye ngamanye amaxesha izigidi amaxesha. Igama ezi zihlanganisi - "ehlanganisa". Xa chemistry ezingaphiliyo na oxides yesinyithi, platinum, isilivere, nickel kunye nabanye.

Okwenziwayo yabo - ukuyilwa izakhiwo zethutyana kunye indlela abathathi-nxaxheba, ngokuthotywa amandla kusebenze le nkqubo wenziwe izihlandlo eziliqela ngokukhawuleza. Emva koko, isakhiwo abole kwaye umda lucaciswa kule kuvala ekwakhiweni loqobo nelomyinge efanayo phambi kokuqala kwenkqubo.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini basabele encedisa ukuqalisa:

• eyohlobo olulodwa - namafutha kunye nxaxheba nakwimo ofanayo ukulinganiswa;
• owahlukeneyo - namafutha kunye nxaxheba ngamazwe ezahlukeneyo, kukho interface.

Ngaphezu koko, kukho iziphumo ephikisanayo imichiza - inhibitor. Bona ejoliswe kuyehla abasabela eziyimfuneko. Umzekelo, ukuba singanciphisa ixesha kwi ukuyilwa nokumelana.

ehlanganisa ababazalayo ezahlukileyo ukumimitheka ukusuka ezingaphiliyo, kwaye iimpawu ngaphezulu ethile. Ngoko ke, kwiinkqubo eziphilayo catalysis omnye.

Enzyme - ntoni na?

Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba ukuba isiphumo kwezinto ezizodwa ukuba kukhawuleziswe iinkqubo ethile yenziwa ngaphakathi zezinto eziphilayo, oko kudla iapile esiswini wayeza zifunxe malunga ezimbini iintsuku. Kuba loo mali ixesha ukuba waqala iinkqubo yokubola ebangele ukunxila okanye ukutya. Nangona kunjalo, oku akwenzeki oku, yaye iziqhamo kusetyenzwa ngokupheleleyo sele iiyure enesiqingatha. Umzimba ehlanganisa zebhayoloji, ezo ngokugqithiseleyo khona nokwakheka eziphilayo nganye. Kodwa oko iyeyiphi kwaye athini amanyathelo isekelwe?

ehlanganisa ngokobugcisa protein indalo - are enzymes. nesiseko - umbutho entsonkothileyo kwesakhiwo, onengubo inani iipropati ezithile. Ngamafutshane, oku iiproteni unique ekwaziyo ngokuthotywa amandla ukusebenza iinkqubo eziphilayo nokuzise ngeqondo elingaphezu iinqobo eqhelekileyo amaxesha kwesigidi ezimbalwa.

Kukho imizekelo emininzi neemolekyuli ezinjalo:

• catalase;
• amylase;
• oxidoreductases;
• glucose oxidase;
• lipase;
• invertase;
• lysozyme;
• protease kunye nabanye.

Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba enzyme - ehlanganisa ngokobugcisa eziluhlobo protein, eba accelerators lunamandla, ukwenza amawaka iinkqubo eziphilayo kunye ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu. isenzo sabo isekelwe phezu ukwetyisa, igcwala, ukuncitshiswa.

Ukufana ehlanganisa nezingaphiliyo protein

I-enzyme zokuthundeza zebhayoloji ezithile iipropati ezifanayo ukuya ezingaphiliyo. Abo ziquka oku kulandelayo:

1. Thermodynamically kunokwenzeka kukhawuleziswe kuphela basabela.
2. Ayichaphazeli kwishifti ye lizama kwemichiza kwiinkqubo lizama kunye ngesantya esifanayo zombini phambili reverse.
3. Ngenxa yoko, indlela ezi mveliso kuphela, lo kuvala akakho phakathi kwabo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle ukufana, kukho kwakhona features of the enzymes.

Umahluko kuxhomekeka kubume

ehlanganisa zebhayoloji ezineefitsha ezininzi ezithile:

1. Iqondo eliphezulu selectivity. Ngamanye protein namnye unako ukusebenza kuphela ngokubange- okanye iqela efanayo ezithile. Amaninzi kusebenza scheme "enzyme - zeendawana yinkqubo."
2. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomsebenzi, ngenxa yokuba ezinye iintlobo iiproteni bayakwazi ukuba kukhawuleziswe izigidi zisabela amaxesha.
3. Enzyme buxhomekeke kakhulu iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Bakhuthele kuphela uluhlu ethile lobushushu. Oku kunikwa ifuthe ngamandla yi-pH. Kukho egopheni ebonisa ixabiso elincinane, kuphantse ubuninzi kunye ezimpilweni enzyme nganye.
4. Kukho iikhompawundi ezikhethekileyo ebizwa effectors, abakwaziyo zinqanda uhlobo bemvelo kuvala okanye, icala, ibe nempembelelo entle kwabo.
5. Le zeendawana kuyo isebenza i-enzayim, kufuneka ibe ngqongqo ezithile. Kukho ithiyori, ekuthiwa isitshixo kunye lock. Uchaza indlela transcriptase ukuba amanyathelo phezu zeendawana. Lo kuvala, njenge isitshixo, liyinxalenye zeendawana site yalo, yaye basabela kuyaqalwa.
6. Emva kokuba inkqubo enzyme itshabalele ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoko ke, kuyacaca ukuba ixabiso ehlanganisa ziiprotein enkulu kakhulu eziphilayo. Noko ke, intshukumo yabo ixhomekeke imithetho ethile kunye nendawo avalelwe.

Uphononongo lwe catalysis esikolweni

Njengoko yinxalenye yekharityhulam wafunda zokuthundeza kwi chemistry biology. Chemistry isifundo ukuba bafunda ngokwemiqathango izinto ezisetyenziswa syntheses mveliso, ukufumana iintlobo ngeentlobo iimveliso. ehlanganisa zebhayoloji ngazo eklasini biology. Grade 9 ibandakanya isifundo ezinto eziphilayo kunye ngamachiza kwiziseko. Ngoko ke, kunjalo umgangatho wemfundo , abafundi bafumane ulwazi olungundoqo lwendlela enzayim ye into esebenzayo imizimba yazo izidalwa eziphilayo.

Xa izifundo baqhube imifuniselo engqina umsebenzi eekhemikhali ezi zinto kwiqondo lobushushu kunye pH parameter ezithile:

• ukufunda isiphumo iperoksayidi yehidrojeni njengoko ngunobangela iminqathe engahluzwanga wayipheka;
• ifuthe inyama (bubushushu ngayo kwaye ekrwada), iitapile kunye nezinye iimveliso.

I-enzyme emzimbeni womntu

umfundi ngamnye, owaba ndakubumba ngokwaneleyo avareji umgca ukuyilwa ikhonkco uyayazi indlela ekuthiwa ehlanganisa eziphilayo. Enzyme mzimba ezikhethiweyo ngqongqo ezithile. Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba igama arhente catalyzing ngenkqubo nganye.

Ngoko ke, zonke ii-enzayim ye umzimba zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela ezininzi:

• oxidoreductase, umz, catalase okanye dehydrogenase utywala;
• transferase - kaKenazi;
• hydrolases Kubalulekile ukuba ukwetyisa: pepsin, amylase, lipoprotein lipase, esterase kunye nezinto ezilolo hlobo;
• ligase, umz, a polymerase DNA;
• isomerase;
• lyase.

Ekubeni zonke ezi zihlanganisi ezi iiprothini kwindalo, kwakunye oluntsonkothileyo iivithamini kwi ekwakhiweni, icesina igcwele denaturing isakhiwo, yaye ngenxa yoko, ukupheliswa bonke basabele nemvelo. Kulo mzekelo, umzimba owayegulela ukufa. Ngoko ke, ubushushu bomzimba ephakamileyo kufuneka ukuba phantsi xa begula.

Ukusetyenziswa ehlanganisa iiprothini kushishino

Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi enzayim asetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo mveliso :

• chemical;
• textile;
• ukutya.

Ezishelfini ungabona cleansers kunye iisepha enesiqulatho enzyme - oku ke enzayim ukuphucula umgangatho zokuhlamba impahla.

Yintoni ehlanganisa eziphilayo?

Zazi ixabiso labo kunzima. Ngapha koko, bavumela nje eziphilayo ukuphila, ukuphefumla, badle, ukusebenzisa ukutya, kodwa kusinika ithuba ukutshabalalisa inkunkuma mveliso, ufumana iyeza ukukhusela nokulondoloza impilo yabo kunye nokusingqongileyo.