Imithetho yendalo nesigama zalo ezisisiseko

Le mbono "eziphilayo" livela kwigama "oikos" lesiGrike elithetha "indawo", "indawo yokhuselo", "ekhaya". iintlobo ngalinye labantu indawo ehlabathini ekugunyazisayo yalo yokuhlala, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ekhaya. Nangakumbi, lo umntu iye kwikhaya lonke uMhlaba, kuquka indawo yayo zendawo.

Imithetho yokuqala yendalo zangeniswa igqirha yamandulo omkhulu noHippocrates iminyaka engaphezu kwama engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo. Wakwazi ukuchaza isiphumo ngqo zemozulu, indlela esemanzini, amanzi kunye namaxesha zempilo abemi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo nje kuphela, kodwa yaba inkcazelo lothelekiso yabantu kumaqela eentlanga abahlala Afrika, kumanxweme Asia namaYurophu le lweMeditera. imisebenzi yakhe siqulathe ubungqina obaneleyo eziphembelela yokuphila kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kwi ukuyilwa iimpawu zokomoya komzimba.

Kamva, ngenkulungwane ye-17, isayensi entsha - geography zonyango. Uye wafunda ifuthe iimeko zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo ezikhoyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwimpilo yoluntu belizwe. Ngunozala le inzululwazi yaba ugqirha Italian B. Rammatsini.

Abanye isandla imithetho yendalo kuqaliswa nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo Russian VI Vernadsky. Ngokutsho inkcazelo yakhe Biosphere liqokobhe yoMhlaba apho ubomi kuphuhlisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwahlukileyo ekhoyo ngexesha noluvo lokuba ingxaki emzimbeni - oko ngumnyhadala isigxina iimeko, Vernadsky wabonisa ukuba into ephilayo kakhulu ukwazi ukuguqula kumphezulu womhlaba, ekusekeni ecosystem egqibeleleyo entle kuphuhliso yayo. inkqubo nganye amaqhina oqhagamshelwano phakathi biosphere. Nobuntu yinxalenye encinane kuphela ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, yaye ngoko nangoko loo ndoda - luhlobo izinto eziphilayo.

Kwakhona, le Isazinzulu mkhulu bobabo kwilungelo eliphambili le imfundiso noosphere. Le nto ithetha ngokomgangatho entsha inqanaba - sizathu sphere okanye "iqokobhe Thinking". Eli nqanaba liphezulu yophuhliso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, uhlobene ngqo ekuzalweni kunye nophuhliso impucuko kuyo. Le noosphere na ixesha xa kukho izenzo zabantu elifanelekileyo iba into ebhudla kuphuhliso lomhlaba.

Naluphi na ingqokelela amacandelo ezingaphiliyo kunye eziphilayo, ezidla ukuphumeza edume lomba, ebizwa ngokuba eziphilayo. Eli gama yaphakanyiswa uArthur Tansley ngo-1935. imithetho Social ngemvelo, okanye, ngendlela elula, eziphilayo zabantu, amisele uhlobo lobudlelane kunye nokusingqongileyo. Isiseko ubudlelwane loo wabeka morfofiziologicheskie indlela umzimba ukuphembelela engqongileyo kwinkqubo ontogeny.

Kukho iziseko ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, nto leyo echaphazela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amacandelo izinto ebomini. Kodwa ezona abo anxulumene ngqo kubomi babantu kunye nempilo. Ngokukodwa, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga imithetho yendalo engundoqo enxulumene kwimpilo yabantu:

• imiphumela athande musani esingenakubangela naliphi na iimpendulo evela kwinkqubo yendalo, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ngenxa ulwandiso, abakwazi ukuba iinkqubo zeentshukumo enobundlobongela kwaye iyingozi.
• View umzimba apho kungenxa yokuba ukuba engqongileyo bume yendalo sihambelana ngokupheleleyo zonke ukukwazi yemfuza ukuqhelana uhlobo amelwe utshintsho yawo eguquguqukayo.
• niche ecological (indawo) naluphi na uhlobo zimelwe kwindalo, kufuneka azaliswe. Umzekelo, ubhubhane AIDS iye kwaxelwayo zizazinzulu phambi kokuba ekufumanekeni iimpawu kunye arhente causative esi sifo. Base le ukuqikelela ukuba loyiso phezu uninzi lwezifo ngabantu barhoxa kwi niche eziphilayo.
• impendulo Biosphere. imithetho yendalo izinto ezinjalo ukuba kusetyenziswe iinkqubo zendalo, akukho namnye unelungelo beqela imida kuvumelekile, ukuvumela ezi nkqubo ukulondoloza ngokupheleleyo ipropati elikhethekileyo ukuzeyisa, self-umbutho kunye self-mali yesondlo sabantwana. Kungenjalo, umkhosi impendulo ukulwa amandla endalo njengabongamileyo kwimpembelelo yabantu.

Science "eziphilayo" - iseti omkhulu imithetho kunye nemigaqo emayilandelwe xa kufuneka abantu kukufikelela ngokuvumelana kunye nomanyano nendalo. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, zingahoywa egameni ngokweminqweno yabo kunye neemfuno, kwaye uninzi imithetho ezisisiseko indalo indiva nje, nto leyo ebangela iziphumo phantse noqhekeko nembubhiso enkulu.