Kwesayensi - Inzululwazi ntoni? Yintoni ofunda kwesayensi?

Palaeontogy - isayensi ufunda iimpawu ngesakhiwo umsebenzi eziphilayo eyayikho ngaphambili zejoloji, walondoloza amatye, ubomi elandelayo kunye oryctocoenoses.

kwesayensi lwangoku

It ezikwabizwa ngokuba isayensi ojongene isifundo zonke mpawu zophando ezikhoyo yobomi maxesha elidlulileyo yokusingqongileyo ubomi kuwo onke amanqanaba (ephilayo, labemi, biogeocoenosis).

Into uphando lubonisa ukuba palaeontogy - yinto a isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, leyo kulwalamano olusondeleyo yokwakheka, owenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ngeziphumo zophando kwaye ngaxeshanye isebenza umthombo ebalulekileyo inkcazelo malunga bume ubomi. Kungenxa yobu budlelane obuphakathi kwaye imisela ingqibelelo kwesayensi, leyo umkhondo kunye nezinye izinto ekudalweni nasekusungulweni wendalo abahlala elidlulileyo okude zejoloji.

Injongo kunye neenjongo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, inzululwazi ukufunda kwesayensi eziphilayo extinct eyayihlala elidlulileyo zejoloji. Leyo yeyona njongo phando ibandakanya ukucaciswa zonke iinkalo lobukho babo. Oku, ingakumbi, ubume (morphology) kunye KABLOOM; zisasazwe isithuba kunye nexesha; iindlela kunye nemithetho zazivelela; yokuphila kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Yonke imisebenzi kunxulumene omnye komnye. Ngoko ke, akubuzwa ukufunda iimpawu morphological asinto nje kuphela kodwa ngokusondeleyo lihlobene systematization eziphilayo. Ngokungqongqo inkqubo yenzululwazi ayikwazi ukwakhiwa ngaphandle isifundo lwemiba yendaleko kunye neendlela zophuhliso yembali amaqela zezilwanyana nezityalo akafumaneki ngaphandle naluphi ulwazi kwindawo lothotho isidumbu zabo zomaleko kunye nemiphumela yeemeko yokusingqongileyo eziphilayo. Uhlalutyo esebenzayo isenza siqonde indlela yobomi ngenxa morphology zezidalwa. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi lokugqibela, olo ke lulolona lubalulekileyo palaeontogy - na ulwazi nasekusungulweni behlabathi komgquba zazivelela zembali yomhlaba.

ngezigaba

Palaeontogy - inzululwazi eziphilayo extinct of imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Le bemfuno yaye ayila isiseko ngokuhlelwa, yaye kukwasibonise ubukho kumasebe ezininzi:

• Paleozoology bafunda iifosili eziphilayo zezilwanyana. Yena, ke, yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: ekuqaleni wasikhangela ezingenamqolo yamandulo, kwaye yesibini - le zeevethebreyithi yamandulo.
• Paleobotanist eyayinikelwe isifundo kwezityalo enziwe ngeefosili anqongophele. Xa isakhiwo waso iinkampani ezininzi Sciences. Le paleoalgologiya (ukufunda lisiza efosili), kunye paleopalynology (nasekufundweni iifosili nomungu yamandulo eziyingozi zezityalo), njalo-njalo. D.
• Paleomycology. Injongo yokufunda wayo iifosili of zomngundo.
• Micropalaeontology. Eli ligama ikhowudi kusetyenziswa xa kuziwa ku dyondza iintsalela eziphilayo yamandulo (benthic lenyama, ostracods, ezahlukeneyo zooplankton kwaye zondla, iintsholongwane).
• izifundo Paleoecology ukudityaniswa eziphilayo eyayikho ngaphambili elikude, omnye nomnye kunye nendawo zabo isikali abantu kunye eziphila.
• Paleobiogeography ucinga imithetho neendawo eziphila yamandulo ngokunxulumene olusondeleyo nasekusungulweni imozulu, zomhlaba, kunye nabanye.
• Biostratinomy kunye taphonomy abafunda iipatheni ukunwenwa kunye nokungcwatywa yamandulo ihleli.

Imbali kwesayensi: imithombo

ukutolikwa Lungisa ulwazi malunga nemo irekhodi yefosili na irhafu amaTshayina kunye zemvelo yaseYurophu Renaissance. Ngenkulungwane XVII, oosonzululwazi ezimbini (N. Steno, R. Hooke) phantse ngaxeshanye, ngokuzimeleyo nganye elinye ixesha luqala ukuthetha izinto eziphilayo. A MV Lomonosov kweminyaka engamakhulu kamva andise izimvo langaphambili, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba indalo kwinkqubo nokubunjwa kwayo kwakukho utshintsho rhoqo yendaleko.

Ezi iingcamango kubeka phambili kunye izazinzulu ezivela kwamanye amazwe: i-French Buffon noJ Soulavie, waseBritani John Hutton ..

Imithetho kwesayensi waqalisa ukwenza, xa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX W. Smith wakwazi ukuba sibonise indlela ukufumanisa yobudala kwingxelo zejoloji ukubayinxalenye umzekelo iintsalela zezilwanyana ezingenamqolo kwaye lubhekisele kokucingelwayo zabo, imaphu yokuqala zejoloji kwimbali.

Kwesayensi njengendlela yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi. Imbali ukubunjwa

Isiseko ube uqeqesho lwezenzululwazi a irhafu Georges Cuvier, owathi, emva kokuba lokuthelekisa uhlalutyo olunzulu yokwakheka wethambo kuhlala ezincancisayo yamandulo, eneneni wadala ezinomqolo kwesayensi.

Emva kwamashumi ambalwa, lo yezityalo French uAdolphe Brongniart epapashwe "Imbali kwezityalo zamandulo ezaba lilitye." Zakhe Ngaloo wazibeka paleobotanists iziseko.

Palaeontogy - inzululwazi, yayibizwa petromatognoziya. Sisihlandlo sokuqala sale gama lwabhalwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Ekugqibeleni, isayensi ifumene igama lakhe kwi 1840s, xa engumFrentshi D. Orbigny baqalisa ukusebenzisa igama elithi "kwesayensi" kwiimpapasho zabo.

Unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

Kwesayensi - eyagcina yenzululwazi ukuba zinxulumene kakhulu kwezinye wenzululwazi yebhayoloji. Le Ubuhlobo ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwenxenye neendlela Sciences ezinxulumene: yemfuza labemi, ibhayoloji yophuhliso, cytology, ezinto iibhayometrikh kunye nabanye.

Ukuqhuba izifundo ezimbiwa mihla soloko ilandelwa ngokusebenzisa ubuchule yakutshanje ngokusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation, uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali, ukukrwaqula ukufumana electron microscopy kunye t. D. ndizibonele nolwalamano olusondeleyo kunye nokuxabisana evela iinkalo ezifana anatomy nothelekiso, morphology kunye Taxonomy izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Imfuneko yokuba uhlalutyo ezisebenzayo kunye ukufunda morphogenesis kwezakhiwo skeletal zamatye kwenza interpenetration of kwesayensi, amalungu, embryology, ngoku-.

amakhonkco Ngelo langoku nqanaba ziye ukwandisa kwesayensi sciences yokusingqongileyo (biogeocenology, biogeography) ngenxa beqokelela izixa ezikhulu eziphathekayo, sivumele ukwenza uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa eziphilayo yamandulo imbali nge iindlela actualism.