Ziziphi izenzo kubizwa ngokuba intetho? Ukwahlukanisa izenzo zentetho

Xa umntu obandakanyekayo kuyo nayiphina imeko, phambi kokuba kusoloko injongo ethile. Yena engaqondanga okanye ngabom ofuna ukuphumeza oko, ukuqonda izinto abazifunayo. Phantse kusoloko ukuphumeza le njongo alisweleyo nabancedisi, yena uzama ukubonisa, oko kukuthi babandakanyeka isiganeko kwintetho ethile, ngoko - lenza isenzo na isiphumo. ILizwi - kusoloko uhlobo oluthile loshishino, apha kufika kwisigqibo sokuba nayiphi esisenzo kubizwa ngokuba ilizwi. Yinto onke amagama kunye nenjongo ejolise kwiziphumo.

isenzo intetho

Ngokutsho ngeelwimi zale mihla H. Grice, eseSearle J. noJ Austin, izenzo nentetho - .. A incoko kunye nabanye, kunye nabantu nangokuvakalisa imisebenzi yabo, sele wenza isenzo esithile, xa uthunyelwa kumamkeli. Ngenjongo yesithethi kuthiwa enze intetho, isenzo intetho okanye umsebenzi ilizwi.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo yokuthetha yenza ngokucacileyo ubuninzi wabo omkhulu yokugcina uluntu. Izazinzulu ziye zahlanganiswa kucalulo apho isiseko kanye injongo kwintetho. Ziziphi izenzo kubizwa ngokuba intetho? Ewe, bonke nezifuna ekujoliswe enye okanye ngaphezulu kwaye anike kude ngeenjongo ezithile. Amaninzi, injongo wedwa, yaye ingxoxo ukwahlula iintlobo ezininzi zentetho siphande izenzo nentetho eziliqela.

nguDmitry Likhachev

Eneneni imimangaliso ukwenza ulwimi oluthethwayo. Imizekelo zingafunyanwa yonke. Commander kwintetho yakhe kurhulumente ukuze anyanzelise umkhosi ibe uqulukubhode ezizodwa ubuqhawe. Eulogy kuyo umfikazi uMiriam okanye usisizalwane oswelekileyo ukuze abe wonke isihlwele isizathu elila, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, bafune ukuziphindiselela. Yintoni na amalungu kaRhulumente Duma? Kukho ngukumkani ulwimi oluthethwayo. Imizekelo ubukho bakhe lomgadi kujoliswe kuko, njengoko umsebenzi zizicaka zoluntu. Kuloo nkongolo yokuqala, eyayibanjelwe inimba waseUSSR, ukuba neerhuluneli wenza academician nguDmitry Likhachev.

Uyakwazi ukuhlalutya intetho yakhe ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni izenzo kubizwa ngokuba ilizwi. Uthi ekuqaleni ubume inkcubeko Soviet, kuba necandelo lalo noluntu, nezimanga. ukuba akukho namnye ukhetho yabantu bakaThixo iqonga lonyulo lowo ongazanga wadibana nakanye ilizwi - "nenkcubeko". Kodwa ngaphandle yokuziphatha ezininzi ezingundoqo ulubuyisa, imithetho yasekuhlaleni ukufaka imithetho yezoqoqosho - le, inzululwazi wesimanje ofayo, ngokuba amalinge zixabisa imali, iiprojekthi ezinkulu nokwakhiwa esisiseko ingabi iyaphunyezwa ngenxa yokungabikho imbuyekezo zexesha elifutshane - njalo. Likhachev kwaxutyushwa ngokweenkcukacha imeko elusizi phantse yonke yenkcubeko ezikhumbuzo, oovimba, amathala eencwadi, iimyuziyam. Kuquka onakaliswa kunye nenkcubeko yokuthetha yokuziphatha, imiba ukuthotywa kwayo. Ngakumbi kangakanani wathetha imfundo, kuba oko kukuthi apho inkcubeko ukuba wenziwe. Oku kwalandelwa izindululo eziphathekayo zokuphucula imeko kweli lizwe kule ndawo.

Unxibelelwano ulwimi

Ukuhlalutya intetho academician, hayi nje attribute ukuba uhlobo oluthile intetho, atyhila iinjongo. Kakade ke, xa kucacile ukuba ukuzama Likhachev, behamba ngayo yonke imithetho yokuziphatha ngamazwi, ukutsala ingqalelo laMalungu kukumisela izibakala ukuze bakholwe icandelo olukhethwayo iinjongo zaso. Kukwabonakala ngoko nangoko ukuba academician, ngaphandle kokwazisa abaphulaphuli wazama ukukhuthaza ukuba izenzo ezithile. Thetha - isenzo intetho, njengoko kuvela. Yithi abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kulo, ukuba uthethe ngayo iingxaki. A uhlobo yokuthetha limisela senjongo intetho.

Kulo mzekelo Academician Likhachev loluka agitational uhlobo ebangela ukuba isenzo, kodwa izakhi kunye ukwazisa, kwaye axoxe ngeendidi. Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi senzo intetho kule ngxelo kukuba akukho nto, mhlawumbi, uhlobo kuphela epideyktichesky - aluzuko grand, elithanda ezaliswe intetho zokubhiyizela kuphela corporate, kodwa ngeenkongolo of zamasekela zabantu. Kutheni le nto isenzeka? Ewe, ngenxa yokuba academician nguDmitry Likhachev, ngokungafaniyo asebenza ezininzi, wakhetha kulungise ukuziphatha zomlomo, ukunceda ukuphumeza le njongo.

uhlobo Diatribichesky

Nokuba njalo - inyathelo? Yaye yintoni izenzo kubizwa intetho? Umntu ngamnye okanye wayenomsebenzi diatribicheskim isimbo, wakha senze le nto zonke inyathelo. Kunoko, asikuko isenzo, kodwa imiphumo ilizwi, xa ezimbini umhlobo esifubeni iiyure ethetha emnxebeni. Apha nathi self-ezaneleyo kakhulu kwaye bazixabise zijonge ekufumaneni ngokuthanda efanayo. Akukho sizathu le ncoko, akukho njongo, nokuba into entsha badla namnye udliwano abazi, ngokuba zonke iimvavanyo ze sele ukubonwa.

Kodwa kukho imvelaphi nje ngokweemvakalelo, kukho uhlobo uvuyo ezinqwenelekayo yokunxibelelana, kunye nokwahlulwa izenzo zentetho ezinamaphepha olu hlobo njengesikhali kwilayini eyahlulweyo. uhlobo Diatribichesky intetho (zobulumko ingqiqo phantse ngqwabalala) ibandakanya "mezhdusoboychikovye" cute neziqhulo iyaqondakala kancinci ukuya bangaphandle, ezinye ngothsuphe iimeko funny, iinkcukacha umdla eyaziwa kuphela ezi ladies adventure. Konke oku kwenza umzekelo, xa intetho wenza - asinto isenzo, kodwa ukudaleka imvelaphi ethile yenyama, ifuthe leyo kuzisa uvuyo. ingxoxo Real live izaliswe iintlobo ezininzi izenzo zentetho, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno: ukwenza uvelwano, ukufumana uncedo, ukohlwaya, okanye azame ukubulala igama ... ukuziphatha Speech kuyahlukana nedlela kwiimeko.

General neentlobo zentetho

1. Le ntetho wokufunda. Oku kuquka eyunivesithi kunye nesikolo izifundo, amaphepha ophando, iingxelo kunye nophononongo, izifundo zenzululwazi ethandwayo.

2. Le ntetho egwebayo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini: Umthetho - ukuzithethelela kunye NPA - Ityala.

3. Intetho yentlalo nezopolitiko. Imibiko, iintetho ezahlukeneyo ngeenkongolo, kwiinkomfa, kwiintlanganiso, iintlanganiso, kule ntetho kwiPalamente, kwiintlanganiso, iintetho emkhosini-yobuzwe agitatorial kunye ozakuzo. Oku kuquka uphononongo kwezopolitiko.

4. Intetho Socio-ekhaya. Kukho kwakhona ezininzi iinketho: intetho enkhubyeni wa vukati, sibabulise encinane, iiglasi ezahlukeneyo kunye esiphulaphulwayo. Olu lwimi oluthethwayo, imizekelo apho wonke ujongile ngosuku ngalunye.

5. Le ntetho ngokomoya okanye yonqulo zenkolo. Kukho ezimbini iinketho: intetho-wokushumayela kunye nebandla esemthethweni.

Le meko ngokuqhelekileyo bumisela isithethi ilizwi kunye nokuziphatha ahambelanayo. components imeko ngokuyimfuneko elungiselwe kwaye ihambelane yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo zalo, ekusekeni ubunye ukuvumelana.

ukuba nombono

Ukuthetha, imizekelo apho zinikwa ngasentla, kuyanceda ukuba baqonde lomsebenzi intetho ngokwawo: it nquma isiqulatho ngokwasengqondweni (izinto ezithile kunye uphawu, iindlela, iindlela, iimveliso kunye neziphumo) neemfuno kona, nto leyo efunekayo ngenxa yesenzo ngomlomo. Plus uhlalutyo inkqubo, oko kukuthi isigaba, kunye nezicwangciso yenkuthazo. Kule sinako baphethe kwenkcazelo ukuba izenzo zentetho - ezi siyinxalenye eqhelekileyo imisebenzi yabantu kwi yothuba elithile sexesha.

Kwaye, ngoko, isigama umsebenzi yokuthetha nayo lulandelayo ngentla: ukuba banenjongo esebenzayo, enentsingiselo nolushukunyiswa inkqubo ulwamkelo kunye nokukhutshwa saqulunqwa kwaye bujikelezwe izimvo ezithile ulwimi yokuvakalisa, okanye nje amazwi iimvakalelo. Kwaye le nkqubo ijolise ukujonga unxibelelwano, nto leyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zonxibelelwano kunye nasengqondweni. Units yomsebenzi - izenzo intetho ukuze kwenziwa ezinye iintlobo okanye ngokwabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba injongo lulonke. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuthetha malunga nezenzo kunye nemisebenzi kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kukho impembelelo phezu kwabo, xa nokulawula ukutshintsha intsimi ulwazi ngenxa yonxibelelwano.

Malunga ukuziphatha intetho

Oku lubanzi yaye ngaphantsi kwe ingqiqo ethile, kuba ukuziphatha zomntu ngamnye ngqo, kunye nenkqubo oluntsonkothileyo iintshukumo, izenzo kunye nokuziphatha. It is being a kwezentlalo kunye esebenzayo eluntwini uhlobo olunye okanye kwelinye. Cwangcisa izenzo zentetho kunye nemisebenzi kubonakala ngokukodwa ukuziphatha intetho: le ndlela, uhlobo ukuphunyezwa umsebenzi wayo somatic kunye nesiqulatho yokuziphatha ngamazwi olwaneleyo ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zomsebenzi intetho.

Le yunithi apha isenzo ntetho (isenzo), nto leyo eye uhlobo nefuthe (i waqondisa) nenkangeleko, ukuba yinxalenye yolawulo (intsingiselo). Ngenxa yoko, nathi liphuzu sithethe "lwegrama" okanye "indlela yokubiza amagama," okanye nayiphi na enye indlela yokuziphatha ngentetho ngokuyimfuneko iquka icandelo elithile ngokweemvakalelo, yokuhlola iimpawu ezithile zobuntu. It ngokwawo evakalayo iintsingiselo: ukusuka phonation nokuthetha itekisi - ukunxibelelana. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba isenzo inkqubo ngamnye yokuthetha kunye nokusebenzisa ulwimi ukuzichaza.

inkqubo yokuthetha

umsebenzi Independent yabantu, uhlobo yayo ngqo - oku inkcazo izenzo zentetho. Balizisa inkqubo banenjongo esebenzayo, ngenxa meko kunye ulwimi ngqo zonxibelelwano, oko kukuthi kukhutshwe okanye ukufumana imiyalezo izwi intsebenziswano yomntu kunye nabanye abantu. Le iseti yezenzo yinxalenye yomsebenzi ngokubanzi - ngokwasengqondweni, ukusebenza, umzekelo, kodwa unako khona ngokuzimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo intetho kunye nomsebenzi yokuthetha akufani. Imisebenzi - uhlale inkqubo, kodwa inkqubo - njalo. "Molo Unjani na?", Umbongo, umzekelo, Lermontov, ukucengceleza, kunikezelo utitshala okanye nomfundi imbono yomsebenzi wasekhaya kunye okuninzi - izenzo intetho, kodwa hayi umsebenzi hayi inkqubo. Ukuba umahluko phakathi kwala magama kufuneka siqwalasele uluhlu iinketho ukwenzela uhlalutyo.

1. Umbutho lokwakheka (ngaphandle nangaphakathi).

2. Item okanye isiqulatho nasengqondweni.

Siqwalasela ngentsebenziswano yazo zonke ezi amacandelo umsebenzi yokuthetha njengoko ukusebenza imbono, ingqalelo, inkumbulo, ukucinga. Oku kuya kufuna uhlalutyo izakhi neempawu zenkqubo eqhubekayo ilandelayo.

3. Obschefunktsionalnye imisebenzi iindlela kwi aspect nasengqondweni.

4. Lo mbala yangaphakathi ongaphandle amaqela yababini nenzaliseko inxaxheba kule nkqubo.

5. Uhlalutyo ukuphunyezwa ubunye ifomu kunye nesiqulatho.

Lo mbutho yangaphakathi lwezakhiwo

imisebenzi yabantu kunye nentetho kunye necandelo sizimisele ngendlela efanayo - ngezigaba ezithathu:

• inkuthazo causative-phase;
• Isigaba uphando;
• kwisigaba esiphezulu.

Kukho iphumeze ngentsebenziswano ukuvelisa ngenxa yemisebenzi: imfuno - intshukumisa - wokukora. nezingenayo Main ukuba umsebenzi lo mntu - oko imfuneko, kufuneka, imfuneko. I bafuna, Kakade ke, asichazi orientation isenzo, kodwa ngenjongo yokufumana inyaniso ukufumana ngokwabo ingqalelo. Ngoko ke ndaba uba kwiinjongo umsebenzi intetho, akhuthazayo into.

Kwingqiqo yolwazi and Communication - kuyinto eqhubekayo imfuneko kunye umthombo enkulu izenzo zentetho. Injongo kwakhona likwamisela ubume Dynamics ngokudibanisa yonke okanye ezininzi iintlobo zomsebenzi intetho. Indlela emi ngayo inkqubo intetho ayikwazi ukugcina ukucinga, le nto ifunwa yokuqala ngobanjiso elide, azalwe karhulumente ekhuthazayo wokuqonda zonke drives kunye izidingo, nezizathu ezixhasayo, ichaphazela kunye neemvakalelo. Emva nohlobo ingcamango uqale ukususa kwaye ziya kuchaphazela, xa ephendula umbuzo obungunaphakade: "Kutheni?" Motivation njengoko umoya, nto leyo ngelifu lengqiqo isindululo ukuphosa amazwi imvula odlisa ubomi.

Isigaba sesibini nesesithathu

Isigaba sesibini - le zezibalo-eyenziweyo okanye kalukhuni, ndoxelelwa ngubani uphando - ukufunda iimeko, isihloko kunye ukubhengezwa iipropati yesifundo, kwenza ukhetho kwaye azobe lemipu yokugcina iindlela (iingxoxo, ukupeyinta) umsebenzi intetho reference. Apha zikhethwa indlela ukuphumeza le njongo, ifom zize ziqulunqe zabo okanye ibolekwe (anikwa) babecinga ukuba ukugcina inkqubo yonxibelelwano ngomlomo. Kwesi sigaba, isicwangciso, inkqubo kunye ngaphakathi alungiselele zonke iindlela zolwimi ekhoyo kunye neendlela zentetho.

Isigaba sesithathu - yokuphumeza, elawulayo - ayikwazanga ichazwe ngokucacileyo, ezifana njengee- umntu nje umamela okanye ufunda umyalelo. Ngoko ke, isigaba sesithathu yohlulwe amacandelo amabini: isigaba elilawulayo umphulaphuli kunye yesigqeba isigaba motor. Ukuthetha abantu (uchaza esebenzayo) licace ngaphezu ngumphulaphuli lihlala: amagama, imvakalozwi intetho njalo njalo. Hayi ukwahlula phakathi kwabo amacandelo, inkcazelo ecacileyo kunzima ukufumana. Ngenxa yoko, isenzo ngasinye umsebenzi yokuthetha iqala uqhubeka ngumba ukwakha isicwangciso kunye nemisebenzi ethile nokuvelisa finishes kunye isiphumo - HIV okanye embi. Man, ngokugqibeleleyo kakuhle le nkqubo yonxibelelwano ezenziwa zonke izakhono zolwimi, isiphumo esibi ifunyenwe kakhulu ngaphantsi.

ikhontenti yesifundo

Yezengqondo, oko kukuthi, isiqulatho substantive ngokupheleleyo, nawuphi na umsebenzi intetho, yaye oko kulingana ngexabiso zokwakha noshowo kuyo. Apha iquka izinto ezininzi, ezifana ngendaba ngokwayo, imali kuyimfuneko, izixhobo ezikhethiweyo ngononophelo kwaye njalo njalo. Isifundo yomsebenzi yokuthetha kuthathwa njengento esisiseko, kuba kugqiba uhlobo elizayo zonxibelelwano kwaye ukuba kukho imfuneko ngokwethu. Kusenokuba nantoni - eziphathekayo, yokwenene, nkqu ogqibeleleyo (yaye ke sifundo - njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla: kuba kucingwa njengendlela usisithunzi izenzakalo leyinene zonke unxulumano kunye nobudlelwane).

Speech kukwasebenza imfundo level emithathu, apho umlinganiselo - ezixhasayo, kufuneka nenjongo, emazantsi - isicwangciso sifundo, kwaye inqanaba eliphezulu - okusebenza. Umxholo yesifundo ayikho phantsi kangako yaye imveliso - into edibanisa umsebenzi bazise materializes into. Apha imveliso, njengoko kuchasene iingcamango (injongo) ukuze nibe ngabazalisekileyo, usoloko yimpumelelo. Umbhalo okanye ingxelo - imveliso emsulwa umsebenzi yokuthetha, leyo objectified isethi awohluke nangokwasengqondweni sifundo.