Isepha ifomula Chemical. kwemifanekiso isepha

Yiyiphi isepha ayikho nje namhlanje! IsiSwati, eqaqambileyo, ezintle. Kukho ngaphaya, apho umntu ukubona iipateni okanye fruktiki ezilingayo, imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo. Iintlobo athandwa kakhulu kuba abantwana ngohlobo abalinganiswa ikhathuni ozithandayo, izilwanyana cute kunye nabanye abalinganiswa. Ngokubanzi, abenzi isepha zizama okusemandleni abo. Kodwa yintoni na le mveliso evela ngaphakathi? Yintoni yakheke imichiza, xa kwathi, kwaye iveliswa njani na? Zama ukuqonda.

Chemical basis isepha

Ukusuka uluvo lwenzululwazi, le mveliso sisiphumo haydrolisis obrak kwamafutha okanye oyile. Ixesha lokuqala ukuba iisepha neeoli iqanjwa izinto ezifanayo, thelekelwayo uMichel Chevreul, ekhemesti French. Phantse bonke ubomi bakhe wayitshabalalisa ekufundweni asidi eziphezulu carboxylic. Ngoko ke, anakho yemfaneleko ingcaciso theoretical ubume kwamafutha kwaye yiyo loo nto isepha.

Chevrel wathi xa glycerol ephakamileyo utywala trihydric equlathe amaqela amathathu hydroxy, baye iasidi, apho indlela jikelele R-COOH, ngoko umphumo uya kuba triglycerides - esters ye asidi. Aya kuba etyebile. Ukuba indlela lwenziwa phantsi kweemeko obrak, ngoko ke imveliso engumphumela awasabela ngayo kunye NaOH (Koh) ukwenza iisepha.

Kamva, le izigqibo yeengcingane ngokuxhaswa amalinge kwi Berthelot elebhu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imidlalo ye ezahlukeneyo kuquka amacandelo alandelayo:

• amanzi;
• oleic acid ;
• naphthenic acid;
• stearic;
• palmitic;
• rosin;
• sodium hayidroksayidi okanye potassium hayidroksayidi.

Ngoko ke, ifomula eekhemikhali iisepha ngokuqhelekileyo kwathiwa kuyo: R-COOMe, apho R - lo okubandakanya olukhulu ukususela-8 ukuya ku-20 athom yekhabhoni nangaphezulu. Me - kumhlaba yesinyithi, kwealkali okanye ialakalin.

Xa sincokola ngayo imveliso yezoqoqosho eziqhelekileyo esetyenziselwa impahla, ifomula isepha kungaba ngolu hlobo: C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COONa. Oku kuquka:

• stearic acid;
• soda abuhlungu;
• rosin;
• amanzi;
• ngamanye amaxesha ngeoli yekhokhonathi.

Kumazwe ezahlukeneyo, imveliso olu hlobo mveliso iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ntonje sisiphumo ubume ezahlukeneyo, umbala, umgangatho yokuhlamba. Ngoko ke, kucacile ukuba formula isepha. Chemical lubanika nkcazelo ilandelayo le mveliso: i neetyuwa ze asidi ephakamileyo carboxylic, sisincoko eziquka iintsimbi kwealkali okanye ialakalin komhlaba.

Makucaciswe ukuba imeko udibaniso, elubala, ivumba kunye nezinye organoleptic iparameters iimveliso zahluke kakhulu. Konke kuxhomekeke ekwakhiweni iikhemikhali kunye imveliso indlela.

formula isepha

ithandwa kakhulu kamva iimveliso ukhetho izitya ezi ulwelo. Kuyinto elula, kubonakala ukuba babe nokuthantamisa kakhulu eluswini kwezandla ezintle elikholekileyo ezishelfini lokuhlambela. Ngoko ke, engamanzi isepha - enye yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi neetyuwa ntlobo. Ngaphezu kwahluka okuqinileyo yaye kutheni kukho umahluko kwindawo kwimo udibaniso?

Kubonakala ukuba yonke ingongoma zesiqinisekiso yesinyithi eyenza uxhulumaniso, ngokunjalo kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa. Formula isepha apho ulwelo, noko kubonakala ngathi: R-Cook. Oko kukuthi, kwi ngokuyimfuneko ziquka ion potassium. Ngokunjalo, xa imveliso inxaxheba potassium hayidroksayidi.

iimpawu eziphambili yeemveliso ezinjalo:

• viscosity;
• hygroscopic;
• ductility;
• ukungafihli;
• ukunyibilika engcono.

isepha eqinileyo

Ukuze ufumane imveliso kwi zikwimeko yemveli ngakumbi udibaniso, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ekwenziweni yesoda lime okanye icaustic soda. Makucaciswe ukuba, ukuba le nto ndiyibhalayo Na ion, imveliso iba eqinileyo kunye akukho wumbi. ion lithium basoloko efana kakhulu ukwakha isepha.

Ngenxa yoko, iisepha ifomula kuthatha luhlobo elifuna ezahlukeneyo: R-COONa, R-COOLi. Ukusuka ikhemikali Ngokwembono Ukwakhiwa oluninzi kunye nesakhiwo kwezinto ayitshintshi - wemidlalo ekwafanekisa uhlobo, ukuba carboxylic asidi iityuwa. iimpawu Physical, iimpawu organoleptic, uyilo umphandle - oko kuxhomekeke ukutshintsha ngokwakhe umntu ngaphezu abantu esebenzayo futhi amazwe.

ngezigaba

iziseko ezimbini inokwalathelwa ngokuba ukwahlula izinto ezichazwe kudidi. Uphawu lokuqala yokuhlelwa - kwisiseko imichiza ekwakhekeni. Ngesi njengenqobo ayinabantu:

• iisepha Sound - fatty ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-60% ye-ubume;
• poluyadrovoe - malunga ne-30%;
• ngcina - hayi ngaphezulu kwe-47%.

isiseko okukhethiweyo anganika isepha iinguqulelo ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kuyilo lwangaphandle. Ungenza oku nezemarmore, oluselubala, kunye imihombiso eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kunye namacandelo, umbala kunye matte, njalo-njalo. Kwakhona Formula isepha iya kubonakaliswa kuqamba jikelele R-COOMe, kodwa imveliso ngokwalo liquka rosin ngakumbi acids naphthenic, kunye sorbitol, ityuwa, izinongo, colorants, kwisigcinakaliso, iiarhente elephuza amagwebu kunye nezinye kusitsha.

Ulwahlulo phawu yesibini - igcina. Ngoko ke, kukho iintlobo ezintathu imveliso.

1. Yangasese - esetyenziselwa iinjongo izithambiso ukuhlamba, ahlambe umzimba. Kufuneka sibe namandla layo yewayini, ukuze babe nokuthantamisa kwaye kubangele ubuhlungu koma. Ukulungiselela le njongo esiti okunamafutha ndingehli ndiye engaphaya kwenani ka-72% kwi ekwakhiweni.
2. Esikhethekileyo - ezisetyenziswa kushishino lesikhumba, noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo, amayeza kunye njalo njalo. Iqulethe kwezithako ezithile zobugcisa.
3. Business - senzelwe izinto zokuhlamba indlu, bahlambe iimpahla, ukucoca kunye nezinye iimfuno zekhaya.

iisepha Formula uhlobo olunjalo odlulileyo akukho ezahlukeneyo, mhlawumbi kwakhona selubala, ngaphaya kwawo, abeBala njalo njalo. Ukuxuba ratio kuyahlukana nedlela khona.

Industry Manufacturing

Production isepha kwi isikali ngokubanzi mass yenziwa ematyeni ezizodwa isepha. Kukho iteknoloji pre-okucwangcisiweyo kwaye ngaphakathi kunye noyilo ukuveliswa walungiselela kukho inani elikhulu leekopi yemveliso eqinileyo, kunye nesicwangciso engamanzi. lokuqhutywa komsebenzi Main zezi:

• neutralization reaction phakathi yesoda ash kunye neemveliso haydrolisis ezityebileyo (asidi carboxylic);
• intsebenziswano soda abuhlungu okanye sodium hayidroksayidi;
• haydrolisis awana of triglycerides.

Nakweyiphi ingxaki, ungafumana iisepha ezahlukileyo iimpawu zomzimba imichiza.

Imbali wokwenza isepha

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu yokupheka isepha wayesazi kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-6000 eyadlulayo, okt phambi AD. Mandulo Egypt ash shushu kongezwe amanqatha ukunika imveliso efunekayo. Ngoko saqhubeka ukusebenza kunye nesizukulwana esizayo kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela.

EYurophu, imveliso isepha elenziwe ngamandla eliphantsi njengoko kungekho namnye ekhathalele nokucoceka emzimbeni wakhe, loo nto ithathwa lihlazo. Kwaye kuphela ukususela ngenkulungwane XVIII, isepha-Ukwenza kwawo. Ceba kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa ezitsha lula, isepha ziquka oyile ibhedolaki nezongezelelo emollient, kuya kusiba isohluka nangakumbi kwaye kumnandi ukuyisebenzisa.

Ukwenza ezakho izandla zakho

Indlela yokwenza isepha ngezandla zabo? Ngaba kunokwenzeka? Impendulo icacile; ewe, mhlawumbi. Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi baye benza ukuba ishishini labo ekhaya imali entle kakhulu.

Ukuba unayo ukuyila ubuchule, ubuchule, kunye nentsusa yokucinga, izandla ayefundwa, umnqweno kunye nendawo ukusebenza, uze wenze ekwenziweni isepha ngokubanzi nzima.

ekwenziweni isepha technology ekhaya

Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisisiseko ukulungiselela imveliso, ngaphandle kokushiya ekhaya.

1. Ukulungele ukuthenga isiseko esikhethekileyo nemveliso. Le elula, azibizi kwaye msinya kuzalisekiso khetho, ukuba benze njani isepha ngezandla zabo. Esi sikhokelo siya kufuna kuphela ngqondweni wakho kunye kuyimfuneko nezongezelelo neencasa kunye imibala. Yena zeplastiki lula ukusingatha, oko kunikwa nayiphi na imilo. Unako kwakhona nokufumana imveliso ngokucacileyo ukuba oyifunayo.
2. Ukuthengwa akugqiba isepha ngaphandle iziqholo, idayi kunye nencasa. Ngokomzekelo, usana. Ke okugaya, kunyibilika bahlambe emanzini, uze wenze njengoko kwimeko yokuqala.
3. Cooking ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kuyingozi kakhulu malunga nokhuseleko kunye yinkqubo ethatha ixesha elide. Isenokuba yenziwe nguye nawuphi na omnye iindlela zoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, qaphela ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenza ngenyameko kakhulu alkalis. Kwaye hayi ekhaya, yaye kwigumbi ekhethekileyo.