Zeziphi amazwe aseYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni. Ngokusemthethweni eYurophu

Ngaphambi sifumanisa ukuba urhulumente eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni, kuyimfuneko ukuba ufumanise uhlobo lwabantu Yayizimele phantsi elo gama. Eli gama lihambisana bandile ngakumbi ingcamango "Vikings". Baba oomatiloshe abanezakhono avela eScandinavia, abafuna ubomi obungcono ashiye ilizwe labo ngqwabalala, waya bazihluthe ibango uphuhliso karhulumente ephakathi.

Isithuba Ukuhlasela ukusuka emantla kucingelwa kwinkulungwane VIII-IV. I Vikings baba abahedeni banqula yonk 'into ekuthiwa bangoothixo, apho kwavela ngexesha langaphambi kobuKristu. indima ephambili kule nehlelo njengelingento - uthixo imfazwe. yokuphila silwe eNorway, Danes kunye uqhankqalazo balwa umoyike ezintliziyweni yezikumkani Western eYurophu, kuye kwafuneka ixesha sizakhele babe oluphucukileyo ngakumbi. Baye ngokuba Vikings Normans (anokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "Abantu esemantla"). Imbali yezi zizwe kuya kunceda baqonde isimo eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni. Imbali (Grade 6) iinkcukacha ezithile befunda esi sihloko kwinkqubo yakhe.

Kude ekupheleni IX zobuntlola kwinkulungwane nokuphangwa baba unsystematic. Leaders abanomdla kuphela kwimveliso, ezafumana, basuka bayinika abenzi ukuze babuyele ekhaya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Noko ke, yonke into yatshintsha. Ngoku belambile amazwe kunye nozuko ngqo oomatiloshe babamba ilizwe bahlala kuzo.

Duchy of eNormandy

Ukuphendula umbuzo, nto leyo ithi eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni kwindawo yokuqala kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba Duchy of eNormandy. La mazwe ukuya kumantla eFransi emlonyeni koMlambo Seine ngazo yi abahlaseli zokuqala ukusuka ngasentla. Ngo-889, inkokeli Vikings kuhlala apha, eyaziwa ngokuba abahambi ngeenyawo Hrolf. Ngoko ke, kwanempi yakhe, yena ayihlasela ubukumkani eFransi, lwathi nkqu namadlelo Paris. Malunga imvelaphi yayo mpikiswano. Kolunye uhlobo lwe nto - Dane, kwelinye - i-Norwegian.

The King of France ayikwazanga ngokwayo ukuqhuba basemzini ngaphandle nezinto zabo, ngoko ke ngowe-911, uCharles III Simple wanikeza Rollo (as in yeziKronike lamaKristu ngokuba Hrolf) ukwenza isiko ubhaptizo kwaye ube ingumbuso le Carolingian. Inkokeli Vikings wathabatha igama uRobert I waza wabeka isiseko Norman ubukhosi. Zeziphi amazwe aseYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni? iimpendulo elifutshane ziquka oku duchy. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo Scandinavians ezingeyonzalelwane ihlanganiswe kunye balapha kanye wathabatha ulwimi lwabo kunye namasiko. Oku kusebenza iqela engqongqo ezibuswa, isiseko owayesakuba ukuzalana elite ixesha.

Conquest of England House of eNormandy

A kuchazwa Uluhlu apho amazwe aseYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni, eNgilani uyaqhubeka. Iindwalutho, owayelawula eNormandy, ngokusesikweni baba akhonze isithsaba French, kodwa de facto kuphela wahlala elizimeleyo, kodwa waba nempembelelo enkulu neegrafu ezikufuphi kunye nezinye abanikazi fiefs. Embindini kwinkulungwane XI eNgilani olawula Eduard Ispovednik, owafuza Anglo-Saxon Wessex Minor. E eNormandy, owayephila ngexesha lakhe, waba owayeyinzala noRoberta I Vilgelm. UKumkani kunye luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi yayizizalamane ezikude, esalinikwayo yokugqibela ilungelo olusesikweni yokulandelelana isihloko kuqala.

Xa ngo1066 Edward wafa, uWilliam isaziso amalungelo abo etroneni IsiNgesi. Crossing siqithi, i uNorman umkhosi woyisa Anglo-amaSaxons yaye umceli-mngeni yawo UHarold kwi Idabi Hastings. Ekugqibeleni ke ubukumkani subordinated ukuya kwiminyaka emi-6. Ngoko ke, yintoni uhlobo karhulumente eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni? Phendula - England. Le micimbi isitshixo kwimbali lonke Europe.

Ixabiso ngaphantsi England

Ukuhlaziya Yiyiphi imeko eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni, asinako ukwenza ngaphandle iingongoma ngokubaluleka yokufakwa iBrithani.

Okokuqala, Albion ekugqibeleni ndahlukana amaqhina kunye yaseScandinavia. Ngaphambi koku, Norwegian kwaye Danish iinkokheli bazama ukuba ndizinyathele kwisiqithi bamandla akhe. Abanye baye baphumelela (umzekelo, Knud Veliky), kodwa ekugqibeleni balinqabisa Vikings zange baphumelele eBritani. Yobuhedeni ukuhlaselwa ngaphambili, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa eNgilane kodwa eYurophu liphela. A ixesha elitsha. ngcembe ubukumkani yaseScandinavia baba ngamaKristu waza wangena uphuhliso komzila eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu.

Okwesibini, iBrithani iye yatshintsha. amandla apha ekugqibeleni kuphela ukumkani samkelwa, ukuba kule minyaka landa kuphela. A ixesha xa siqithi Bahlala amanye amazwe Anglo-Saxon kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kuphela ebudeni bolawulo William umkhosi esimanyeneyo waselwandle, A ubalo sadalwa, abhalwe odumileyo "kweDomesday Book". Norman nesikhulu wathetha isiFrentshi kwaye baya kwi siqithi. ulwimi IsiNgesi kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela waba ngumqondiso abantu abaqhelekileyo. Kodwa ke, njengoko kunjalo kwi-Vikings Hrolfa, kunye utshintsho kwizizukulwana kwenzeka nokwenziwa, apho angena kakhulu amagama isisiFrentshi ngolwimi lwasekuhlaleni.

Anglo-Norman

Norman ubukhosi walawula de 1135. Wilhelm noonyana bakhe babeka isiseko karhulumente mihla IsiNgesi, elisuke laba UK. Ngokufa kayise, itrone leyo esasulela unyana wakhe, nobizo uWilliam II Auburn (uRufus) (1087 - 1100). Umntakwabo omdala Robert Kurtgoz wafumana eNormandy. Hi ndlela leyi, waba mnye wabaququzeleli yenkolo yokuqala kuMbindi Mpuma.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezalamane kwagqub iingxabano rhoqo phezu izihloko. Imbambano isekho, xa uWilliam wabulawa ekuzingeleni. Engafani ubhalo inameva, ndideliwe i Anglo-Saxon begazi lwasekuhlaleni, nto leyo kwajongela iziseko karhulumente.

itrone IsiNgesi ilawulwa yi-cinci abazalwana - Henry I (1100 - 1135). URobert waqhubeka ezama ukufumana isithsaba IsiNgesi, wada wasiwa ibanjwa kwi Idabi Tanshbre ngo-1106. Wayesele ke entolongweni iminyaka engama-28 bafela entolongweni. Henry wafumana eNormandy waza legacy kayise. Xa waqala ukwanda yayo eWales. Ukongeza, oko kwakuxhomekeke kummandla French ka UBrittany.

Unyana wakhe owangena ezihlangwini zakhe, Wilhelm zafa kabuhlungu ngo-1120 emva kokuba kule ngozi kwi "nqanawa White" kwi IsiNgesi Channel. Lo mcimbi tsolo ngxaki dynastic. Emva kokufa imfazwe yamakhaya uHenry kwavuka phakathi umtshana wakhe uStephen kunye nentombi Matilda. Unyana wakhe, uHenry II wenyuka kwetrone 1167, emva koko yaka ekugqibeleni kunqunyulwa, njengoko ukumkani omtsha phezu uyise yosapho Plantagenet.

Yaba ngeli indlu uqalisa ukuhlanganisa Norman elite kunye labemi Anglo-Saxon, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuzalwa kohlanga IsiNgesi kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha.

okwilizwe Aversa

Ibali ezimangalisayo mercenaries yaseScandinavia ngokunyebelezela zibe emazantsi eItali waza wadala kukhona uqobo ubukumkani, asikwazi kuhoywa xa kufikwa olunjani karhulumente eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni.

yabo yokuqala Apennine kusingasiqithi yaba okwilizwe Aversa kumaphulo mihla. Ezazinikwe Raynulfu Drengo Duke uSergiyo IV Naples ngo-1030. Future Earl phakathi mercenaries ezininzi ukusuka North of France balwa baseByzantium uBukhosi, i-Italian anti-wobukhosi.

County Puglia

Efanayo yaba bayahlelwa usapho usapho uWilliam Hauteville (eminye imithombo - Hauteville). Kananjalo nanceba, kwaye ungquzulwano lempi waba Count of Apulia, ekhupha amaByzantine ngo-1042. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, benza anda impahla zabo, eqonda bona akhonze oyiNgcwele baseRoma uBukhosi, Pope.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1071, uRobert Guiscard agxothwe amaSilamsi kwisiqithi esasiseSisili, uze emva koko bangena ilifa igama elifanayo ukususela Pope County. Zonke ezi States badalwe yi ngokusemthethweni.

Kingdom of Italy

Emva imitshato eziliqela phakathi iintsapho ex-mercenaries nabo bonke feuds ilifa ezifanelekileyo Southern Italy ezibe ezandleni Roger II, naye ababekolo Hauteville Minor usapho. E Christmas 1130 le antipope Anaclet II wathi ukumkani eSisili. Kamva, le sihloko iya ingqalelo eRoma. ubukumkani Sicilia kwabona ukoyiswa eziliqela abendlu Byzantium kunye kwenkulungwane kwakungamandla ebhudla kwiMeditera. Kuba ixesha elithile, wathi Wathobela umhlaba eMntla Afrika Greece.

Noko ohlanga ekuqaleni ukususela eNormandy etroneni yathatha ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. Ngowe-1194 wegqitha waya Hohenstaufen ubukhosi, ezibandakanya abalawuli ke German. Ngokubanzi, ubukumkani blood waze 1816, xa uyekwa ekupheleni i-Congress of Vienna emva Napoleonic Wars. Utsho iphela ibali oko urhulumente eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni. Impendulo ayimangalisi ngenene, ekubeni iintlanga ambalwa akwazi ukufaka izihloko kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo UK ukuya kuthi xhaxhe.

Imiphumo i Norman ukoyisa

Inzala Vikings ibe nempembelelo lonke kwilizwekazi kangangeenkulungwane. State eYurophu ngokusemthethweni, watshintsha nje imephu kwezopolitiko, kodwa isandla variable uhlanga, umzekelo, eNgilani.

Imfazwe ne East (kubandakanywa Zomnqamlezo) balinqabisa Old amaKristu World. Imbali Yiyiphi imeko eYurophu zidalwe ngokusemthethweni, isishwankathelo yayo kuchaziwe ngentla, ubonisa ukuba nkqu umaleko elincinane labantu neqhayiya ungatshintsha kwehlela lonke i lizwekazi.