Ukubunjwa, Indaba
Kings of France. History of France. Uluhlu yasebukhosini French
Ookumkani eFransi ababandakanyeka ngqo ekuphuhlisweni kweli lizwe enkulu. lisukela emva BC nkulungwane yokuqala imbali yayo. Ekuqaleni, kuloo mmandla karhulumente mihla sasihlala izizwe Celtic, kwaye inani elikhulu amathanga Greek ibekwe eselunxwemeni lolwandle. Ngokutsho imithombo yamandulo, ngeenxa xesha Yuliyu Tsezaryu unamandla okumdambisa kummandla eyayihlala Gauls. Ingqwayi omkhulu waze wanika igama mazwe wachacha - Gallia Komachi. Emva kokuwa yaseFransi e Rome yajika ukulungele urhulumente, yaye, bona, baye indawo ngokukhawuleza yi Franks.
mbali version
Okwangoku ke wavuma ukuba French elizayo afika kummandla Western eYurophu buvela kuLwandle Black. Baqala ke ukuba bazalise umhlaba kanye kweenxweme Rhein. Xa Julian Franks wanika iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, kungekho nehlombe ngaphantsi baqalisa ukuhlola indawo esemazantsi. Ngu 420 kunyaka wasekwayo isininzi Franks wawela iRhine. bekhokelwa Pharamond.
Ukuhlala phezu kweendonga amadoda River iSomme bakhokelwa unyana wakhe Chlodio. Apho waseka ebukumkanini Franks. Ikomkhulu kwathiwa eTurin. nyana A amashumi ambalwa Chlodio bagqiba ngomhla ukuyilwa komgca yokumkani. Igama Le ndoda - Sodolophu kunye namalungu ubukhosi wambumba baqala ukubizwa ngokuba Merovingians. Nantso ibali kwaqala njani ookumkani waseFrance.
Ezinye izenzakalo
Ngenkulungwane yesihlanu Korol Hlodvig kuqala eyandisiweyo kakhulu franc ubunini. Ngoku ziye wanatyiselwa Loire kunye Seine. Ookumkani France baba abalawuli ezipheleleyo lonke aphezulu kunye ophakathi iRhine. Ngowe-469 KukaClovis wagqiba ukutshintsha unqulo. Yena bakhe abaninzi baba ngamaKristu. Kuye wanceda ukukhuthaza ukulwa abalawuli bakhona, bekwelo nabo imbuka. Emva kokufa uKumkani elizwe woyisa ziye zohlulwa phakathi koonyana bakhe abane. Emva koko, inzala KukaClovis wawandisa amandla abo phezu eGaul, eBavaria, Alemannia kunye eThuringia.
union
One anamanci mahlanu franc urhulumente waphinda umanyano yayo indawo. Clotaire II - nguKumkani nesibindi waseFransi, akaphumelela ndaqonda ukuba nje akazange nabuganga ukwenza ababengaphambi kwakhe. Xa amandla akhe ubukumkani enkulu yombutho kwezopolitiko kunye neerhuluneli eziliqela, yaye kamva wafumana izihloko ukubalwa. Emva koko waba ngumlawuli Dagobert I.
Ngelishwa, oonyana bakhe ukuba azibekwa entliziyweni igunya likarhulumente, kodwa ngenxa yokuba emva kokufa kukayise indawo ukuze nzima emanyeneyo kwakhona yahlulwe izabelo ezine. Emva koko kulandela uthotho iimfazwe zamakhaya, kuba inzala ayikwazanga isigqibo sokuba ngubani oza kufumana. Ngenxa rhoqo imbambano franc igunya phezu yaseBavaria, Alemannia, eThuringia, kunye Aquitaine ebilahlekile.
ukonakala
Ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe, kwabonakala ukuba ookumkani eFransi athathe ngokukhawuleza izikhundla zabo. Ababa banawo amandla ngokwenene. Izintso amandla ocande ezandleni usodolophu ebhotwe. ookumkani ophelileyo, owafuza ubukhosi Merovingian, isiFrentshi ngokwabo ngokuba "Ivila". Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izikhundla waba usodolophu ebhotwe njengelifa. Bonke bafika kwisigqibo sokuba ubukhosi bawo ngamandla alo wabanjwa up nokumkani.
Kulo mba, phezulu yathi kuye inganga ibhotwe Pepin of Herstal. Ngowe-680, iingalo zakhe wawela kulawulo lasekunene ubukumkani wonke amakhosi. Xa ixesha ladityaniswa iinzame olumiselweyo ukumkani Theodoric III.
Ukuvela indlu entsha
Ngo-751, uPopu UZachary wacela uncedo usodolophu ibhotwe Pepin. Oku akubanga yimpumelelo ngaphandle kule ekubulaleni Lombards. Ubonge uncedo lwabo UZachary Pepin wathembisa umqhele wobukhosi. Igosa owayesakuba ngexesha yomphathi Childeric III kwafuneka ukuba ukurhoxa.
Ngoko kwakukho ookumkani eFransi, emele ubukhosi Carolingian. Lo mbutho uthiywe Karla Velikogo, unyana ka-Pepin yiShort. Nangona kunjalo, phambi kokungena uCharles kwitrone uyise wayibuyisela ukuze ebukumkanini amakhosi, kwakhona ukuba iphumelele Aquitaine kunye eThuringia. Ukongeza, wakwazi ukuba aziphose ebezibaleka-Arabhu, ababehlala eGaul, uze uthathe Septimania. Kuye wabeka isiseko esihle yophuhliso kunye nempumelelo yobukumkani.
UKarl - King of France, owaba nako ukufikelela ngakumbi. Yena landiswa kakhulu imida yelizwe. Ngoko ke franc isimo kumntla-mpuma yaba okwamkela iElbe, empuma - ukuya e-Austria iCroatia, kumazantsi-ntshona - ukuya North eSpeyin, kunye nemimmandla engasentshona, empuma - ukuya North of Italy. Emva kwexesha elithile, uPopu Leo III bathatha uCharlemagne umbusi waseRoma.
Nangona kunjalo, ubukho ubukhosi zange ihlale ixesha elide. UMthetho waba Louis kuphela bahanahanisi (, unyana ka-Charles). Emva kokufa kwakhe, iindlalifa bavuma ukuba asayine iSivumelwano laseVerdun. Oku kwenzeka kunyaka-843. Ngenxa yoko, uKarl Ubukumkani uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu - Lorraine, East Francia (kamva Germany) kunye West-amakhosi karhulumente (France yanamhlanje).
Ummeli lokugqibela ubukhosi Carolingian - Louis le V - wafa 987. iindlalifa ngqo ayizange, ke ngoko, waphumelela isizalwane esikude wokumkani - Gugo Kapet. Waba Count iNkosana Prague kunye isiFrentshi. I-kwenkosi entsha wadibana inkxaso abefundisi. Ukususela ngelo xesha, urhulumente iye yazuza igama layo ngoku - France. Ndazalwa indlu entsha - Capet. abameli balo leliya lizwe phantse ezisibhozo kwiinkulungwane (e Valois kunye akhawunti neempakatha Bourbon).
Utshintsho kulo lonke
Tshintsha abalawuli kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho inguqu kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. France iye yaba kwimo classic wobukhosi. Noko ke, uKumkani isiphelo waba yaseXhora, phantsi kwegunya lakhe ngqo ummandla encinane kufuphi kwikomkhulu - Paris. Zonke ezinye iingingqi waba naye ubudlelwane buzimeleyo. Amaxesha amaninzi ezingaphaya kolawulo irhuluneli mmandla kuye zinemali enamandla ngaphezu kokumkani. Yiloo nto kungekho mntu waphupha isichenge avukele urhulumente okhoyo.
Sikwithuba elibaluleke kakhulu
Ngenkulungwane yesithoba neyeshumi, waba yimbalasane eli lizwe. Ngeli xesha, kunxweme kumantla French baqalisa ukuba ityalwe kukuninzi Vikings. Bona waseka Duchy of eNormandy, kwaye emva kokuba nokuzama ka Paris capture, kodwa watsho phantsi. Impi Vikings wakwazi yokuzilungiselela ngokwayo eNgilane ngo1066, uWilliam (INkosana eNormandy) ikwazile ukuthatha ubukhosi IsiNgesi. Kamva waseka indlu ngokusemthethweni.
kwinkulungwane yeshumi
Henry II - umlawuli IsiNgesi esisilumko wakwazi ukuba uYehova feudal kakhulu lezityebi. Wenza iihambo rhoqo kwaye zange babuyela kwemizi yabo ekhaya ngezandla engenanto. Ukongeza, wenza eminye imitshato kuluncedo kakhulu oyiswe eNormandy, Aquitaine, UBrittany kunye Guyenne. Ezingenisiweyo kuye okwilizwe Anjou. Noko ke, iindlalifa yomlawuli enkulu nako bavumelane igunya sokwabelana. Ingxabano ukuba buthathaka karhulumente. French uKumkani uPhilip wathabatha basebenzise le meko. Waloyisa phantse onke amaphondo. Phantsi kwegunya yaseNgilani ukugcina Guyenne kuphela.
ngekhulu nantathu
Le leminyaka waba nethamsanqa ukuba France. Ookumkani eFransi, apho uluhlu lwazo zonke elide, wakwazi ukuba acele inkxaso oopopu, uze emva koko ngesibindi wajika amandla abo esikhova Cathar. Ngenxa yoko, le Languedoc yoyiswa, kodwa eFlanders akazange sinikezele.
ngekhulu nane
Ngowe-1314 yena wasweleka uFilipu Fair - uKumkani yaseFransi ukusuka Capetian Minor. Wayenoonyana abathathu nentombi enye. Isabella ikwazile ukutshata Edward II - umlawuli IsiNgesi. Ngelishwa, bonke oonyana uFilipu wazalelwa amantombazana kuphela, kangangokuba France neengxaki dynastic, xa zonke inzala ngqo uyindoda wafumana abanye obungunaphakade.
Iingangamsha kwafuneka yokunyula umlawuli omtsha. Kwacaca ukuba filipp Valua. Edward Okwesithathu - unyana ka-Isabel - wazama ukuba isibheno esi sigqibo, kodwa uMthetho Salic ukutshintshwa etroneni ngokusebenzisa umgca obhinqileyo akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Isiphumo ukungoneliseki wakhe Iminyaka War. Impumelelo wahamba ngoko eFransi, ngoko eNgilani. Nakuba kunjalo, ukungaqiniseki unyamalale xa umkhosi wathabatha phezu izintso umphathi onesiphiwo uHenry V. Ngelo xesha etroneni France Charles IV aphuma, eyaziwa kakuhle ukungalingani yakhe. inzuzo Military ekugqibeleni wabelwa British.
1415 kwaphawulwa ngokoyiswa imikhosi French e Agincourt. Heinrich V ngoloyiso wangena Paris. Lo kumkani wanyanzeleka ukuba avume indlalifa, unyana ka-Henry the wesihlanu.
Ngowe-1429 waba isithsaba Charles VII. Nguye kunye nobudlelwane French. Oku kungenxa yokuba ihlabathi, waqukumbela uCharles lika-Burgundy. Ngowe-1437, yena wabuyela Paris ngo-1450 - eNormandy ngo-1453 - Guyenne, ngo-1477 - eBurgundy, uze emva koko UBrittany. Kuphela Calais wahlala phantsi kolawulo lwamaNgesi.
Francis - uKumkani waseFransi, lowo wenyuka kwetrone ngo-1515. Uyise Bala Angulenskim, umzala ka-Louis the weShumi. Umlawuli wabiza kut- zemvumelwano wawenza uHenry VIII. The King of Navarre wayezimisele reconquer ubukumkani Castile uze uthabathe Duchy ka Milan, ngenkxaso yaseVenice. Phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, ekudibaneni mwonyo ozukileyo Argentiyskoe kwelaseItali kwenziwa. Warriors zidluliselwe zokudubula phezu kwezandla zakhe bevuthela ukuya amatye ukwenza indlela yabo. Francis wakwazi ukwenza savoy kunye Duchy of Milan. Ngalo eli phulo ukumkani wayesaziwa hero lokwenyaniso. Wada waqala linokuyithelekisa kuKesare.
Henry 2 - King of France, ukubusa yaqala ngoMatshi 1547. Wazama zonke iintlobo iindlela balahle Protestantism.
Ukumkani eFransi, uHenry waba indlalifa. Noko ke, ngexesha lokufa sikayise wayeneminyaka elishumi kuphela ubudala. Kunjalo, wanyukela etroneni Karl 9. uKumkani waseFransi yaba ilungu lokugqibela sodidi Valois. De 1563 unina - n Medichi - ibamba. Ulawulo uCharles weThoba yabalasela iziganeko ezininzi ezibuhlungu, phakathi apho iimfazwe yoluntu kunye St. noBhartolomeyu (kwanokupheliswa ubunzima Huguenot).
Emva kokuba ukufika Habsburgs kwintlekele amandla waqalisa kweli lizwe. Ngexesha yoHlaziyo, amaProtestanti landa inani. Iya isanda, kwakukho zeenkcuba phakathi abameli iyaxela ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. "Edict of angabunyamezeli", kwagqitywa ukupapasha ukuze kubuyiselwe uxolo. Nangona imithetho Henry the yesiThathu. Wabulawa ngo 1589 Waba akukho iindlalifa, ngoko itrone Genrih Navarrsky (eyesine). Wasuka elukholweni zamaProtestanti kubuKatolika ukuze uphephe igazi. Noko ke, ngokukhawuleza ayeke inkcaso nangoku kwenzekile.
ngekhulu XVII-XVIII,
Ngeli xesha ilizwe yasekwa absolutism. Emva Louis 13, wanyukela etroneni Louis 14 uKumkani waseFransi wazomeleza intsimi uyiphathisiweyo kuye. Eli lizwe liye laba inamandla eYurophu. Kuye kwanda ngenxa nokongeza iBurgundy, West eFlanders kunye Artois. Ukubonakala amathanga zokuqala e North America kunye India likwabonelele Louis 14 uKumkani waseFransi wakha izicwangciso namabhongo yasebukhosini, kodwa iminyaka esixhenxe War kunye ingxabano ngayo i-Intestate waseOstriya abazange bamvumele ukuba kufikelelwe ezinqwenelekayo. Ngenxa yoko, lidakile ulawulo onke amazwe.
Ngowe-1715, waya etroneni, Louis 15 - King of France, owafuza Bourbon Minor. Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka emihlanu kuphela ubudala. umlawuli Young abayinyamekelayo ibamba filipp Orleansky. Waye nxamnye nkqubo Louis 14, ngoko umfela ndawonye eNgilani yemka yaya kulwa ne Spain. Kwanasemva kokuba ubudala amandla umlawuli mfana wahlala obulawulwa umalume wakhe uFilipu. Ngowe-1726, Louis 15, kodwa wavakalisa ukuba kuthatha izintso, kodwa eneneni elo lizwe yayilawulwa Cardinal Fleury. Oku waze 1743. Qaphela ukuba ubukumkani elandelayo Louis-15 kwi-lizwe ezichatshazelwe kakhulu ngokungalunganga.
Isiphelo kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo aphawula ukuqala yiEnlightenment. France yaba ezandleni kumkani. Umgaqo yokumkani omtsha - Louis XVI - kwakhokelela kwintlekele yoqoqosho, ukunqongophala kokutya kunye ukuhla kwezolimo. Ngenxa kokubizwa Lwabasebenzi Jikelele (ka1789), igunya waba kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. Amalungu alo ayexhasa ukupheliswa kwamalungelo ezibuswa, lo ukuhluthwa le wabanumzana, abefundisi zonke amalungelo, kwakunye nokususwa kwe-Church kwimicimbi karhulumente.
Eli lizwe yahlulwe kumasebe (total 83). Korol Lyudovik wabaleka, kodwa wabanjwa waza wabuyela kweli lizwe. Isihloko uKumkani waseFransi, walahlekelwa. Waye ngokuyinxenye kubuyekezwa amandla ababezibiza: Louis wanikwa isihloko yokumkani French. Yena onokuvotelwa imithetho ezininzi ezintsha, kodwa bangafumani nkxaso phakathi kwabantu. Kungekudala Louis watyholwa umbuso. Wabulawa ngo-1793.
Endleleni eya lizwe
Amazwe amaninzi, olukhokelwa ohlanga, walwa France. Ngowe-1799, phantsi ngokomlomo mbho- grand UNapoleon Bonaparte kaThixo walungiswa. Inani labemi eli nyathelo kwakuphendulwa imvume kuba abemi sele kunokuba udiniwe umlo njalo kanye isixeko ezolileyo.
Ngokutsho iziphumo ze-zimvo eyayibanjwe ngo-1802, uNapoleon wanikwa isihloko lokudla kwayo Consul lokuQala. Yena ngokukhawuleza kusetyenzwa zonke iintshaba yaye wazuza amandla mda. Ilizwe waba neNgonyama. Ngowe-1804, uNapoleon ebekwe. Kungekudala e Austerlitz bagxothiwe abendlu ka Austria. Ngowe-1806, i-French wabanika e-Prussia.
Ezibomvana kunye zoloyiso uNapoleon wabhengeza ukuqapha lwezwekazi eNgilani. Ngowe-1807, i-British wabiza uncedo eRashiya. UNapoleon, ayizange ungazihluphi, yena ngehlombe wayamkela iqela omtsha intsimi enkulu, nto leyo wagqiba ekubeni ungenisa yini. Xa ekwindla ka-1812 imikhosi French kakade eMoscow. Kwakubonakala ukuba iRussia wawa. Kodwa Kutuzov kanti ukuba ulumke ngaphezu Bonaparte. Ngenxa yoko, umkhosi French lahluleka obukhulu. Kwimikhosi kanye olukhulu imvuthuluka usizi.
Ngowe-1814, France washiywa ngaphandle umlawuli - uNapoleon asiyeke. Kwagqitywa ukuba abuyele izintso samandla ezandleni Bourbons. Waba ngukumkani Louis XVIII. Wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze kubuyiselwe umyalelo omdala, kodwa French baba ngokupheleleyo nxamnye nayo. Ke uNapoleon, ukuqokelela amawaka umkhosi, waya kwakhona amandla. Waba nako ukuphumeza isicwangciso sayo. Kodwa ke, kwintlanganiso ngookumkani eVienna, kwagqitywa ukuba isithsaba ukusuka warlord yebhongo. Ekugqibeleni, uNapoleon wathunyelwa kwisiqithi St Helena.
Ookumkani eFransi, uluhlu apho emva kokuba Bonaparte nangoku kuchuma mna, walawula kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu. Ngoko ke, uNapoleon II yabhukuqwayo kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa emva kokuba eqhineni etroneni, Louis uPhilippe wanyanzeleka ukuba alahle kwangoko ngesiqu waba ngukumkani isiFrentshi, kodwa hayi isiFrentshi. UNapoleon III sathathwa ibanjwa Prussia kunye wazidla. Abasemagunyeni baphinde babe akwa, kodwa bazifunela kwitrone ka Charles X, uHenry V kunye Philip VII azikhange zikwazi ukuvumelana phakathi kwabo. abalawuli isithsaba ziye kuthengiswa iindawo ngo-1885. France yaba yiriphabliki.
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