Zebhayoloji Famous Russian noxolo kunye nokuvula kubo

Promotion of isayensi - ixesha elininzi abantu abanetalente kwaye azinikezele ningenaxhala naloyiko ngexesha oko kwabalelwa phambili hypothesis yakhe malunga iprojekthi ukuba zizakhele kwidivayisi entsha. isintu saphelela yonke nkulungwane wabona eninzi obafunyanwa ezizodwa, umdla kunye ezibalulekileyo kwinkalo biology. Ngoobani abantu bamdumisa Russia? Ngoobani aba zebhayoloji abadumileyo?

Ukusuka Antiquity ukuya kwinkulungwane XIX

zebhayoloji Famous kunye bakufumeneyo baye baqalisa ukuvela ixesha elide. Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo, xa Balurhole umbuzo lesayensi, kwakukho abantu ababefuna ukuba siqonde iimfihlelo ihlabathi. Yinto umntu odumileyo enjalo, njengoko uAristotle, uPliny, uDioscorides.

Biology inzululwazi yaqala ukuvela kufutshane kwinkulungwane yama-17. systematics yabonakala eziphilayo wazalelwa iinkalo ezifana eziphilayo, zomzimba. Ukuqhubeka ukuphuhlisa anatomy: kwakukho kuvulwa kwegazi yesibini, oko kuqala bafunda iiseli ezibomvu kunye amadlozi izilwanyana. zebhayoloji Famous ixesha - oko Uilyam Garvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

XIX and XX ngenkulungwane - yiyo incopho ezifunyaniswe ezintsha batshintsha ihlabathi. Ezi ngcali idumileyo ababephila ngelo xesha, bakwazi ukutshintsha indlela yenzululwazi kakhulu. Ukubaluleka iinkulungwane 19-20th, ayikwazi zabaxwa, kuba yeengcinga ezisisiseko kunye ezintsha wabonakala kanye ngeli xesha, hayi kuphela eziphilayo, kodwa nakwezinye iinkalo yenzululwazi. Mhlawumbi amaphononongo abalulekileyo lwaqhutywa kuphela abantu abafana Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov kunye nezinye zebhayoloji ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle Russian.

Zhan Batist Lamark

Wazalwa ngo-1744 e-wasePicardy. Ndayibeka phambili hypothesis izinto zazivelela ubomi emhlabeni, kuba yintoni na ngokuba siphu- Darwin. Kwakhona Lamarck laqalisa elithi "Biology" kunye iinkalo laqalisa ezifana zezilwanyana kunye kwesayensi ezingenamqolo.

Antoni Van Levenguk (1632-1723)

Emva kokufa kukayise Leeuwenhoek waqalisa ukusebenza kwiglasi polisher njengesiqhelo. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva waba yinkosi emsebenzini wakhe, nto leyo yanceda ukuba Enza microscope 200 amaxesha ukukhulisa yayo. Ngesi ngemicroscope, Leeuwenhoek wafumanisa eziphilayo ezamahala-zokuphila - iintsholongwane kunye protists.

Kwakhona sesayensi lokuqala kwaba ukuba igazi ulwelo kunye nenani elikhulu iiseli. egazi, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi nazo wavula Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

I. P. Pavlov wazalelwa Ryazan ngo-1849. Emva kokugqiba sobufundisi kwidolophu yakhe, wagqiba ukunxulumanisa ubomi babo kunye nenzululwazi. Isazinzulu elizayo izidanga ukusuka Academy ebandakanya-Steel, ekuthatheni evela kootitshala ekufundeni incakuba. Yintoni baphumelele zebhayoloji edume kakhulu kwinkulungwane ye-19?

umsebenzi Uphando Pavlova lusekelwe imisebenzi luvo. Wafunda isakhiwo ingqondo, inkqubo yokosulela neemvakalelo-luvo. Zezenzululwazi benza yophando kwinkqubo yokwetyisa, apho wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel ngo-1904. De kokufa kwakhe, I. P. Pavlov wasebenza njengoko Umphathi i-Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences.

Njengazo zonke zebhayoloji ezaziwayo-kakuhle Pavlov wachitha ubomi bakhe kwinzululwazi. Malunga 35 neminyaka olo wayechaphazeleka kulo izifundo ezinxulumene nenkqubo luvo kunye iimpawu zokuziphatha engqondweni. Le Isazinzulu yaba ngunozala kwicala entsha nenzululwazi - amalungu msebenzi ephakamileyo luvo. Ezi izifundo lwenziwa elebhu, ngengqondo kunye zezinja ukuze izilwanyana. Ngokubanzi, zonke iimeko zomsebenzi eziqhelekileyo ezanikwa ngurhulumente waseUSSR, t. To. Iziphumo zophando ziye zanceda ukwenza linyathelo elikhulu malunga revolution yezenzululwazi egqwesileyo msebenzi seli zemithambo-luvo.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Phantse zonke ezaziwayo-kakuhle zebhayoloji Russian baba ekhemisi ezibalaseleyo, zesayensi kanye zezibalo. A Umzekelo umxhelo - V. I. Vernadsky, enkulu nzulu ngezinto, Scientist, umphengululi.

Vernadsky wazalwa ngo-1863 e-St Petersburg. Bakubon 'ukuba bazigqibile Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Peterburg University, waqalisa ukufunda iimpawu eziqalelo lwemitha, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze kuqweqwe lomhlaba, isakhiwo kwezimbiwa. Uphando lwakhe usinike amandla okuqhubela phambili ekusekweni uqeqesho omtsha - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky kwakhona abeke phambili hypothesis yakhe malunga nophuhliso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila apho zonke izinto ezo izinto eziphilayo. Ukubandakanya radioactive materials kumjikelo solar, wahlanganisa ziyaphila yaye ezingaphiliyo kwinkqubo eziphilayo.

Iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov

zebhayoloji Famous ngenkulungwane ye-19 wenza ezifunyaniswe ezininzi kummandla zomzimba zizifo umntu.

Mechnikov wazalwa ngo-1845 kwilali kwiphondo Ivanovka eKharkov, waphumelela ngowe-1862 yaye ababhalise kwi-School of Physics and Mathematics Faculty of University eKharkov. Emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe sisazinzulu eyunivesithi yaqala uphando yakhe endle embryology of ezingenamqolo.

Ngowe-1882 Mechnikov wadibana Lui Pasterom, osukuba enyusa kuye umsebenzi kakuhle Pasteur University. Iikulya Ilyich wasebenza apho iminyaka eliqela. Ngeli xesha ke wenza nje ezimbalwa ezifunyaniswe ezibalulekileyo kummandla embryology, kodwa waqalisa ukufunda izenzakalo ezifana phagocytosis. Eneneni, Mechnikov yaye baba ngabokuqala ukufumana oko leukocytes umzekelo.

Ngo-1908 i-nzulu bawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel uphuhliso zizifo kunye namayeza. Ngophando lwakhe, ezi nkalo bakwazi sikhwele ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo.

Ngeentshuntshe de kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe wasebenza neYunivesithi yase Paris , wafa emva kokuhlaselwa yintliziyo eziliqela.

UNikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

zebhayoloji Famous Russian liyi ukubaluleka akufumeneyo. Mna kungekho ngaphandle kwaye NI Vavilov - eziphilayo, yezityalo, isityalo womuntu, ngeenkwenkwezi nangokuma komhlaba.

Vavilov wazalwa ngo-1887 eMoscow. Ukususela kwasebuntwaneni ekuqaleni ukuba unomdla ekuqokeleleni izityalo, ukuzoba herbarium, ukufunda iimpawu imichiza kwezinto. Akumangalisi ke, indawo yakhe elizayo yesifundo iya kuba Moscow Agricultural Institute, apho waba nako ukubonisa italente yabo.

Into ebalulekileyo Vavilov - ke umthetho kuthotho homologous echaza okukhona kwi ilifa iimpawu izizukulwana ezininzi eziphilayo. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba phakathi kweentlobo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo zifumaneka alleles efanayo sofuzo efanayo. Le meko isetyenziswa ngotyetyiso ukuqikelela iimpawu zezityalo kunokwenzeka.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

zebhayoloji Famous wasebenza nje kuphela kwicandelo Botany, ukwakheka, amalungu, kodwa yakhuthaza ingqeqesho entsha. Umzekelo, di Ivanovsky iye negalelo kuphuhliso ngumzuzu.

Ivanovski waphumelela St Petersburg University ngowe-1888 kwiSebe Botany. Phantsi isikhokelo kootitshala abanetalente, wafundela izityalo amalungu eziphilayo, elathi ukuba ufumane umthombo ngenxa yophando lwakhe elizayo eziphathekayo.

NguDmitry I. uphando yakhe icuba. Waphawula ukuba le arhente causative of yecuba mosaic ayikho ebonakalayo neemicroscope unamandla yaye asibi kwimidiya abaqhelekileyo kwezondlo. Kamva, weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba kukho izinto imvelaphi noncellular ezibangela ezi zifo. Ivanovo kubabiza iintsholongwane, yaye ukususela ibe ekuqaleni kweli candelo eziphilayo njengoko olukhuni, nto leyo angazange ukwenza ezinye zebhayoloji adumileyo ehlabathini.

isiphelo

Esi uluhlu olubanzi iinzululwazi bakwazi ukubhiyozela izifundo zakhe Russian. zebhayoloji Famous kunye ezifunyaniswe zabo banikwe amandla okuqhubela phambili uphuhliso yenzululwazi esemgangathweni. Ngoko ke, singakwazi zinokutsho kwinkulungwane 19-20-th kwincopho umsebenzi lwenzululwazi, ixesha obafunyanwa ezinkulu.