UMthetho okulinganayo

The Great Dictionary of the elingana igama (Latin iyalila aequivalens) uchaza njani into elingana, okanye zibhedlela elingana komnye, ukuba ngokulula indawo. Xa chemistry, umthetho ezilingana (kusetyenziswa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, nto ifundiswa esikolweni, isicelo ekhemisi kunye zebhayoloji abavela kumazwe ezahlukeneyo ithiyori kwaye practice), umisela ukuba zonke iikhemikhali basabela ngokomlinganiselo namaxabiso azo. Vula umthetho wayengusokhemisti waseJamani I. Richter, ogama kudala Ndiyayazi imisebenzi. Xa umsebenzi wayo volume ezintathu-epapashwe ixesha ukususela 1792 ukuya kwiminyaka 1794, enomxholo othi "Principles of stoichiometry, okanye indlela sokulinganisa imichiza", Academic lubonise ukuba iikhemikhali basabela ratio elula. Kwakhona wasungula ibinzana ezifana "stoichiometry". Ngoku icandelo lonke chemistry, nto leyo echaza lulwahlulo reactants kokungena intsebenziswano imichiza.

Richter kuqala imisebenzi zakhe quadratic ubuninzi basabela. Bamele entry olunemiqathango equlethe ulwazi ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani malunga neenkqubo ibakho impefumlelwano neekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ebizwa wezenzi. Kwanasebudeni inzululwazi alchemical ukubonisa elula izinto abaphandi basebenzisa imiqondiso ezahlukeneyo kamva Formula entsonkothileyo (eziquka izinto ezininzi) zaba imichiza kwafunyaniswa. Kodwa I. V. Rihter (phantsi kwempembelelo utitshala wakhe sobulumko Immanuel Kant, owathi ukuba iindawo ezithile iinzululwazi zendalo ibe inzululwazi okwenyaniso kangangoko iqulethe mathematics) ezisetyenziswa ithisisi of neefomula kwemichiza kunye elithi "stoichiometry", wachaza indlela lenxaki oluninzi waza wavula a namaxabiso umthetho. Ifomula, ukuba athethe nga kubhalwa: E2 • M1 = E1 • m2. Apho M1 kunye m2 - izinto ubunzima ngu "1" kunye "2", unreacted, kunye A1 no-A2 - kuba ezilingana yemizimba yethu.

Ukuze uqonde ezifana nomthetho, kuyimfuneko ukuba ucacise ukuba elilingana - linani eqhelekileyo wokwenene okanye into ezinokuthi mabaqhoboshele zesiqinisekiso hydrogen basabela asidi-kwealkali okanye electron ngenxa yokusabela redox. mass yeNethiwekhi - nobunzima elilingana omnye. Kukholelwa ukuba uwase ngayo into (okanye lenkosikazi) kunye 1 gram hydrogen okanye oxygen kunye grams 8 okanye 35.5 iigrem chlorine. Ukuziqhelisa, isixa esilingana kweziyobisi rhoqo abe ubungakanani elincinane kakhulu, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo luboniswa zisaqala. Xa adla enye iqulethe isixa rhoqo amasuntswana (athom, ion okanye iimolekyuli) lilingana nenani Avagadro: NA = 6,02214179 (30) × 1023. Weight elinye adla ukwimo, ochazwa grams, kukuba ngamanani ilingana ubunzima bayo ngeeyunithi mass atomic.

Ngokusekelwe yokuthanda komthetho, siya kuchaza ukuba titration acid-base ayahamba inxaki yokusabela: Koh + HCl → KCl + H2O, evela impefumlelwano 1 adla of potassium hayidroksayidi nge-1 adla of zehydrochloric acid ifunyenwe 1 adla yetyuwa ekuthiwa potassium chloride, 1 nolovane yamanzi. Oko kukuthi, ubunzima elingana potassium hayidroksayidi lilingana E Koh = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g zehydrochloric acid - E HCl = 1 + 35 = 36 g, potassium chloride - E KCl = 39 + 35 = 74 g, amanzi - E H2O = • 2 1 + 16 = 18 ukuze yokungenelela ngokupheleleyo 56 g potassium hayidroksayidi eyimfuneko 36 g zehydrochloric acid. Umphumo iya kuba 74 g potassium chloride ne-18 g amanzi. Kodwa ekubeni umthetho ukuba izinto ubunzima, umlinganiselo unreacted ukuya ezilingana zabo, ngoko esazi imali reagent Ungabala indlela uya kungena indlela okanye reagent yesibini ukubala isivuno imveliso.

Ngokomzekelo, njengoko ukuthanda potassium chloride, Ukuba kwakusazeka ukuba zehydrochloric acid yaba namandla ngokupheleleyo 100 g potassium hayidroksayidi? Ukusebenzisa umthetho kwezilinganiswa, unako kubhalwa: 56 • mKCl = 74 • 100. Ngoko mKCl = (74 • 100) / 56 = 132 A zehydrochloric acid Nokwethisa le hayidroksayidi potassium efunekayo 100 64 100 Ukuba hayidroksayidi isixeko g potassium Nokwethisa i-sulphuric acid: 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O, oku kuya kufuna isixa eyahlukileyo kakhulu acid. Njengoko kubonisiwe okuza stoichiometric yale reaction, 2 abamenzelayo of potassium hayidroksayidi usabela 1 adla kwe-sulphuric acid kunye isiphumo 1 adla potassium sulfate 2 nolovane amanzi. Ukwazi oko ubunzima kwezinto unreacted ubunzima umlinganiselo alinganayo, umntu unako ukubhala: 2 • 56 • 98 • mH2SO4 = 100, ngoko 100 Nokwethisa le hayidroksayidi potassium efunekayo mH2SO4 = 88 g kwe-sulphuric acid. Oku kwenza 155 g potassium sulphate. Isixa wamanzi amaqashiso yi neutralization ka-100 g ye-potassium hayidroksayidi acid zehydrochloric okanye sulphuric, kuya kuba ngokufanayo nangokulinganayo kwi-32 g.

Sebenzisa ezilingana uMthetho chemistry (analytical, ezingaphiliyo, zendalo, njl) ukwenzela izinto zokufunda kunye nezinye imifuniselo ezisekelwe ekubaleni intsalela ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Ukongeza, isetyenziswa (ukulungiselela kulinganisa material) kuyilo kunye nokusebenza elebhu, umqhubi okanye nofakelo lezoshishino le Yindibanisela imichiza. Bahlale sebenzisa specialists kwemichiza, zonyango, bemvelo, iilebhu nesempilweni-epidemiological, ekubeni sisiseko iifomyula ngawo ukubalwa iziphumo ezininzi zovavanyo.