Ithiyori ka - ntoni na? Le postulates kwengcamango kwezinto. Ixesha kunye nendawo imfundiso ka

Buyela kwi 20 leminyaka th laliqulunqwe imfundiso ka. Yintoni na ngubani umdali wayo uyazi yonke schoolchild namhlanje. Kuyinto umdla kangangokuba ide unomdla kubantu bakude inzululwazi. Kweli nqaku ngolwimi efumaneka ichaza imfundiso ka; yintoni na, yintoni na postulates kunye izicelo zawo.

Kuthiwa ku Albertu Eynshteynu, umdali, uqonde beza jiffy. Scientist kuthiwa babehamba esiporweni e Bern, Switzerland. Wajonga clock esitratweni kwaye waqonda ukuba le wotshi iyakube ayeke xa esiporweni ukukhawulezisa ukuba isantya ukukhanya. Kule meko kwakungayi kuba ixesha. imfundiso ka zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Enye postulates ziqulunqwe Einstein - ababukeleyo ezahlukeneyo ukuqonda ubunyani ngokwahlukileyo. Oku kusebenza ngokukodwa ngexesha nomgama.

Accounting ngesikhundla ukuba ngenxa

Ngaloo mini, Albert waqonda ukuba ulwimi lenzululwazi, inkcazo yalo naluphi na isenzeko okanye isiganeko ebonakalayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni mkhanyo ikwisakhelo of reference. Umzekelo, ukuba kukho esiporweni umkhweli iya kunyothulwa amanqaku, baya kuwa ngokunxulumene kuyo ngqo phantsi. Ukuba ukhangele ngokwembono emi phezu kwesitalato ngeenyawo, isikhokelo ukuwa lihambisana parabola, njengokuba lihamba esiporweni ngelixa iindondo eziwayo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo Reference wonke. Sinikezela sihlolisise iinkolelo ezisisiseko ngobhalo kwezinto.

komthetho wezithuthi eyabiwa umgaqo ka

Nangona yokuba xa utshintsha inkcazelo iziganeko yokubala iinkqubo azifani, kukho izinto jikelele zisaseleyo efanayo. Ukuze uqonde oku, ubani kufuneka uzibuze ukuyiwisa amanqaku, kunye nomthetho endalo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba bawe. Kuba naliphi imilingo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba indlela elihambayo okanye inkqubo fixed zilungelelanise oko kukuthi, impendulo aliguqukanga. Lo mthetho ubizwa ngokuba ngumthetho nokwabiwa kwezithuthi. Kuyinto zinyaniseke ngokufanayo tram, kwaye esitratweni. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba inkcazo iziganeko kusoloko kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani na okujongileyo kubo, ngoko oku akusebenzi imithetho yendalo. Bona, njengoko ichazwe ngolwimi lwenzululwazi, invariant. Ukuba lo mgaqo ka.

Ezimbini theory Einstein ukuba

Lo mgaqo, kwakunye naziphi na ezinye hypothesis, kwakuyimfuneko hlola kuqala, correlating kunye ngezenzeko zendalo esebenzayo ngokwenyani yethu. Einstein yayifumana 2 ingcamango ka. Nangona bahlobene, kodwa njengento esecaleni.

Zabucala okanye ezizodwa theory kwezinto (SRT) esekelwe embonweni ukuba, kuzo zonke iintlobo iinkqubo reference, zona ngesantya esingaguqukiyo, imithetho yendalo ziyafana. kwezinto ngokubanzi (GR) Lo mgaqo usebenza nakwesiphi na isakhelo of reference, kuquka nezo yena lunikezelo. Ngowe-1905, uAlbert Einstein lapapasha imfundiso yokuqala. Okwesibini, ezinokuntsonkotha ngokwemigaqo izixhobo zemathematika, kugqitywa ngo-1916. Ukudalwa le ngcamango kwezinto, SRT kunye GRT, yaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso physics. Makhe ihlale phezu kwabo bonke ngabanye.

mbono ekhethekile ka

Yintoni na, yintoni na kubume bayo? Makhe siphendule lo mbuzo. Yiyo le mbono qikelela iziphumo ezininzi ngamazwi ukuba zichasene intuitions zethu ngendlela esebenza ngayo ihlabathi. Ezi ziphumo ukuba kwenzeka xa isantya osondela isivamvo sokukhanya. Edume kakhulu phakathi kwabo ke isiphumo ixesha komlomo (ewotshi). Watches ukuba ihamba kuthelekiswa mkhanyo, zibe ingacota kunendlela kwabo ezandleni zakhe kuye.

Xa nokulungelelanisa inkqubo ihamba kwi ngesantya kufutshane isantya lukhanyiselo, wolula kuthelekiswa okhangeleka kumbukeli, kunye nobude bezinto (ubukhulu lweendawo), ngokuchaseneyo, kukho zixinaniswe ecaleni ulwalathiso axis kule ntshukumo. Oku izazinzulu ukusebenza ukubiza-fitzgerald nokuncipha Lorentz. Emva ngo-1889, wachaza Dzhordzh Fitsdzherald, i yamachiza Italian. Kwaye ngo-1892, uHendrik Lorentz, a umDatshi, wongeze watsho. Le isiphumo ichaza isiphumo esibi, enika Michelson-Morley experiment, apho uqina ngayo emhlabeni kwisithuba ongaphandle umiselwa ngokulinganisa "umoya aether". Ezi iinkolelo ezisisiseko imfundiso ka (special). Einstein yongeza aba ukuguqulwa ubunzima zibalo ifomula eyenziwe mfanekiso. Ngokutsho kulo; ngokuba njengoko isantya umzimba osondela isantya wokukhanya, ubunzima umzimba kwandisa. Umzekelo, ukuba isantya 260K. Km / s, ngamanye 87% ye isivamvo sokukhanya, ukususela ngokwembono yomntu lowo kwisakhelo reference zokubhala, ukuba kabini ubunzima into.

isiqinisekiso sto

Onke la malungiselelo, nantoni na zichasene ingqiqo, ukusa kwixesha Einstein kaThixo ingqinisisiwe ngqo ngokupheleleyo imifuniselo ezininzi. Omnye wabo wandikhomba University of Michigan abaphandi. Yomzamo ukwazi yaqinisekisa imfundiso ngo physics. Abaphandi ezibekwe kwibhodi inqwelo-moya, nto leyo rhoqo wenza moya Intambo, ultra-ngqo atomic. ixesha ngasinye emva kokubuya kwakhe ubungqina ezi iiyure zatshekishwa kunye ulawulo-moya lowo. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo ikloko moya ngexesha ngalinye ngakumbi nangakumbi aqaphela ulawulo. Kakade ke, kwaba kuphela amanani ezingephi, amaqhezu owesibini, kodwa enyanisweni ibaluleke kakhulu.

Abaphandi-ngenkulungwane kwisiqingatha zokugqibela izifundo eziziziqalelo yamasuntswana namafutha - a izakhiwo iintsimbi enkulu. Kwezi imiqadi electron okanye protons, ngamanye wamwisela amasuntswana eathom ekhawulezayo logama nje musa ukuya isantya ukukhanya. Emva koko bathi kufuneka kujoliswe yenyukliya. Kwezi mvavanyo, kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo into yokuba ubunzima amasuntswana ukhula, kungenjalo iziphumo zovavanyo ayikwazi lichazwe. Kule nkalo, i-SRT kukade icangcisiwe, hayi nje ingcamango libhekisela kwinto esenokwenzeka. Kuye waba ngomnye izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kubunjineli isicelo, kunye nemithetho Newton ubucukubhede. Imithetho-siseko ye-theory ka wafumana uluncedo olukhulu practical namhlanje.

Sto and Newton kaThixo nemithetho

Ethetha imithetho Newton (umzobo sisazinzulu uchazwe apha ngasentla), kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba mbono ekhethekile ka, nto leyo ebonakala iyangqubana kubo, eneneni izalana quadratic yemithetho Newton phantse kanye, ukuba lisetyenziswa ukuchaza umzimba wakhe isantya yentshukumo ngaphantsi kakhulu kwisantya ukukhanya. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba usebenzisa kwezinto ezizodwa, physics Newton akuxhomekekanga irhoxisiwe. Le ngcamango, ngokuchaseneyo, zongeza luqhubeke kuyo.

Isantya yokukhanya - ndawonye yonke

Ukusebenzisa umgaqo ka, umntu ukuqonda isizathu sokuba idlala indima ebalulekileyo isantya ukukhanya, kunokuba nantoni na kule ndlela hlabathi eso sakhiwo. Lo mbuzo kuvuswa ngabo eqala nje nolwazi physics. Isantya ukukhanya a rhoqo jikelele kuba uchazwa hlobo ngumthetho yendalo (ngakumbi kule ingafunyanwa ngokufundisisa kwizibalo Maxwell). Isantya ukukhanya lwepolitiki, ngenxa yomgaqo ka, kuyo nayiphi na isakhelo reference iyafana. Mhlawumbi ucinga ukuba ezichasene ingqiqo. Oku kulandela ukuba okhangeleka kumbukeli ngexesha elinye njengokukhanya uvela kumthombo fixed kwaye ukusuka elihambayo (kungakhathaliseki nokuba ihamba kunye Velocity). Noko ke, akunjalo. Isantya yokukhanya, wabulela indima yalo ekhethekileyo unikwa indawo esembindini kuphela ezikhethekileyo, kodwa kwezinto ngokubanzi. Kwaye ngako.

Theory jikelele ka

Lusetyenziswa, njengoko natshoyo, kuba zonke izakhelo reference ayingawo lawo kabani isantya sesindululo kuthelekiswa omnye njalo. Ngokwezibalo, lo mbono ikhangeleka nzima ngaphezu ezikhethekileyo. Oku kucacisa into yokuba phakathi iincwadi zabo sele kudlule iminyaka eli-11. GTR iquka ezizodwa njengoko ityala okhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, imithetho Newton nawo inxalenye yawo. Noko ke, kwezinto ngokubanzi iya kude ngaphaya neyezingaphambili. Umzekelo, ucaciswe a womxhuzulane entsha.

lobukhulu yesine

Ngenxa kwihlabathi-mbini ezine isiba GRT: Ixesha wongezelela ngokwamacala ezintathu lwendawo. Bonke bephela basenokuvana, ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukuba Musa ukuthetha malunga umgama obukhoyo ehlabathini-ntathu phakathi kwezinto ezimbini. Ngoku uyaqhubeka kwi athile spatio-temporal phakathi iziganeko ezahlukeneyo, uhlanganise umgama bobabini zexeshana kunye lweendawo enye kwenye. Ngamanye amazwi, ixesha nesithuba kwithiyori ka zithathwa ngokuba eziqhubekayo-ntathu emine. Kokuba kuchazwe njengoko isithuba-ixesha. Le continuum of kwabo ababukeleyo ezihambayo xa kuthelekiswa omnye komnye, kuya kuba izimvo ezahlukeneyo, nokuba malunga naziphi na iziganeko ezibini, okanye omnye wabo, ukuba bekukho bobabini landulelwe ngomnye. Noko ke, ulwalamano kobude ukuba badlwengulwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ubukho loo nokulungelelanisa inkqubo a, apho iziganeko ezibini kwenzeka ulandelelwano ezahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye, akavumeli nkqu UG.

kwezinto jikelele kunye nomthetho gravitation jikelele

Ngokutsho komthetho gravitation jikelele, wafumanisa yi Newton, amandla yomtsalane mutual olukhoyo iphela phakathi nayiphi na izidumbu ezimbini. Earth kule ndawo lijikeleza ilanga, njengoko imikhosi yomtsalane phakathi kwabo apho. Noko ke, ithiyori jikelele ka kwenza jonga kwelinye icala kule senzeko. Womxhuzulane, ngokwale ithiyori - njengesiphumo "ugobile" (deformation) kwendawo-xesha, nto leyo yathi phantsi kwempembelelo intlama. Umzimba inzima (kumzekelo wethu, ilanga), ngakumbi 'flex "phantsi kwakhe isithuba-ixesha. Ngako oko, yawo intsimi omxhuzulane kuba namandla angako.

Ukuze siqonde ngcono kakuhle eli theory ka, cinga uthelekiso. Ilizwe, njengako kwezinto ngokubanzi, bexakeke ilanga, njengebhola elincinane iqengqelekile ngeenxa umngxuma le cone, kwakheka ngenxa yokuba 'ukunyanzela' isithuba-ixesha ilanga. Yaye isibakala sokuba sasidla ukuthatha amandla womxhuzulane ngenene nokubonakaliswa yangaphandle ugobile, kungekhona ngamandla, ngengqiqo ka-Newton. ingcaciso engcono isenzeko womxhuzulane kunokuba ecetywayo GRT, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akafumaneki.

Iindlela for kwezinto jikelele uvavanyo

Qaphela ukuba GRT akukho lula ukutshekisha, ekubeni kuphumela elabhoratri phantse athobele umthetho gravitation jikelele. Noko ke, izazinzulu ukuba ii-experimenti ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. iziphumo zabo ibonisa ukuba ingcamango Einstein kaThixo iqinisekisiwe. GRT kwakhona kunceda ukuchaza nesenzeko ezahlukeneyo kuvandlakanywa emajukujukwini. Oku, umzekelo, lunomahluko amancinane Mercury ukusuka orbit zokubhala. Ukususela ngokombono ukukhanda Newtonian yamandulo abakwazi ukuyicacisa. Oku kwakhona kutheni radiation magnetic kweenkwenkwezi uzimisele njengoko igqitha kufutshane ilanga.

Iziphumo kwaxelwayo kwezinto ngokubanzi, enyanisweni, zahluke kakhulu kwezo ukunika imithetho Newton (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa ngasentla) kuphela xa kukho amasimi superstrong omxhuzulane. Ngoko ke, ukuba bazalise le yokungqinisisa ka jikelele kufuna nokuba imilinganiselo ngqo kakhulu ubunzima obukhulu bezinto, okanye umngxuma emnyama, kuba izimvo zethu ukusoloko ngokunxulumene kubo ayisebenzi. Ngoko ke, uphuhliso iindlela zovavanyo ukuvavanya le mfundiso omnye wemisebenzi engundoqo physics uvavanyo mihla.

Iingqondo izazinzulu ezininzi, kunye nabantu kude inzululwazi likhupha yenziwa kwithiyori Einstein kaThixo kwezinto. Yintoni na, sathetha ngokufutshane. Le mbono ujika iingcamango zethu ngale ihlabathi, ngoko ke umdla sele okwangoku kucima.