"Zenit" irula. Okunika 11K77 ( "Zenith")

YE 11K77 «Zenit» - iklasi esiPhakathi, eyenzelwe ngokubeka kwi Earth orbit kwimo oluzenzekelayo Hewana yoluntu kunye yomkhosi baxhomekeka swi. Kukho ezimbini ze-kwinqanaba ezintathu ukulungiswa. Le separafini isetyenziswe kwibakala amafutha WG-1 neoksijini engamanzi.

UMZEKELO bentsebenziswano op

Ngomhla umbuzo umjukujelwa "Zenit" Russian okanye Ukrainian, akukho lula ukuphendula. Iziqalelo eziphambili kulwakhiwo zakhiwe Dnepropetrovsk CB "Southern" iinzame zokuba iinjineli Soviet kunye izazinzulu. Emva kokuba ngokuwa behlabathi Union Design Bureau yaba phantsi kolawulo Ukraine, ukugcina umsebenzi wakhe nophuculo baqhubeka uphuhliso "Zenit" series. Yakha imijukujelwa kwakhona olwenziwe inkampani Dnepropetrovsk "Yuzhmash".

Okwangoku, izinto ezibalulekileyo uyilo yaye iveliswayo ngamashishini Russian. Ngokukodwa, kwizomelezi kuphawula 'DM "wavelisa RKK" Energy ", yaye ulwelo iinjini irula RD 171 kunye RD-171M - NPO" ENERGOMASH ". Ngokubanzi, iinkampani Russian nikeza 70% ngala macandelo. Sinokuthi ukuba i "Zenith" - rocket Ukrainian, kunye Akunakuba yayo - Russian.

History of indalo

CB "South" ekuqaleni kuphuhliswa nqanaba-ezimbini ngexabiso "Zenith" kunye index 11K77 kwi 1970 - 1980, njengoko umsebenzi kwiSebe lezoKhuselo USSR babe yokuqalisa isithuthi ukuze uvumele wena ukhethe ngokukhawuleza nangendlela efanelekileyo uzalise iqela-Hewana zomkhosi.

Ngako oko, xa uyile ingqalelo ekhethekileyo zahlawula ukuthembeka, ubulula bokusetyenziswa kunye nesantya kulungiselelwa ukusungulwa, nto leyo kufikelelwe ngokusebenzisa ebanzi emgangathweni matshini. Okunika iklasi enzima inkcazelo, ayikwazi kuba ezihambayo, ngoko abayili zigxininise uziyilela abakumgangatho ophakathi YE.

Ngokwahlukileyo kwi Iindlela eziphuhliswe kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kule kuyilo isebenzisa kakhulu oluphambili uqeqesho lobugcisa kunye uqale-up, liphuhlise ESRI SK, iqabane SE "CB" Southern "kwiiprojekthi ezininzi.

Ukuphunyezwa flight

Bt Ukuphehlelelwa rocket carrier kwenzeka ngo-Apreli 1985, nto leyo ngokungaqhelekanga ukuphindaphinda. Ngempumelelo start-up olwenziwa ngo-Oktobha 1985. Ekuqaleni, isakhiwo ijolise kwi yokusebenza-Hewana zomkhosi kunye neenkqubo-mbini ukusetyenziswa, kodwa kamva kwabakho shift kuqaliso Hewana zorhwebo.

Indawo yesibini yesicelo kwefom lokuqala "Zenit-2» 11K77 ukuqinisekisa ukubhabha kwisikhululo isithuba 'Mir "kunye enqanaweni ebhodini. Ukuba uyazithobela zonke iimfuno yezithuthi sungula swi iziphekepheke kwi "Zenit" ukwakhiwa komsebenzi lwangaphakathi elikhulu yaye kuthathwe namanye amanyathelo ezininzi ukuphucula ukuthembeka wayebekwe khona.

Le iparameters yedizayini

"Zenith" - rocket, iimpawu kunye parameters yoyilo zabo zobugcisa bahambelana nalaa mabinzana migangatho iphezulu ngamazwe. Kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yokuba abangaphezu kwe-90% kunobukhulu zizonke amanyathelo ayimfuneko nesabelo amafutha. Ngenxa yoko, ukwakhiwa zombini manqanaba yenye the best astronautics mihla.

Ngokumalunga 1st nqanaba kungenxa ukusebenza eliphezulu RD171M injini, kwakunye nokungabikho izomelezi osecaleni. Ukungabikho accelerators icala ngakumbi lula ukulungiselela ukusungulwa, njengoko omnye umahluko omkhulu phakathi "Zenit" kwezinye izithuthi zokuqalisa. Ngaphezu koko, uyilo isigaba kakuhle kakhulu, ukunciphisa inani izixhobo pyrotechnic, kananjalo kwandisa kwayo yonke ngokususa imfuneko ngesixhobo ngokwahlukana le accelerators ecaleni. Ukongeza, uluhlu olubanzi yokusingatha zonke izigaba yokusabela ivumela kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni of "Zenith" ngesantya umoya ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zemozulu ezahlukileyo, okwenza ukuba kususwe kwangethuba nangokuchanekileyo le payload.

iinkqubo eziphambili

Kwi le DB unesethi epheleleyo on-ibhodi izixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuba ukusebenza kwenkqubo telemetry. Eyayifakwe Telemetry System "Sirius" TMI ibonelela zothumelo kwi amajelo kunomathotholo ezimbini Woyahlulela NPC ezikhoyo, ibekwe kummandla Russia.

amanyathelo Isahlukaniso - "esithi": usebenzisa esungulayo injini ekuqaleni Isigaba 2, phantsi mezhstupennyh uqhagamshelo mechanical kunye elekhtrons kunye SRM ezine inxalenye separable kweqonga yokuqala. Emva kokuba kususwe ukuya kumgama ekhuselekileyo isebenza kwizomelezi Isigaba 2.

YE ezifakwe kwiinkqubo zilandelayo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo kunye nokusebenza ngokusaba;

• lawula;
• inkqubo nomlinganiselo;
• uthe components inkqubo fluid amafutha nongezelele isidima;
• inkqubo yolawulo amafutha;
• kokufaka lawula;
• ukhuseleko flight;
• inkqubo yolawulo lobushushu umoya xi ophezulu ;
• izinto zokulawula ubushushu;
• thermostating izinto system;
• inkqubo ngamanzi;
• inkqubo pozharopreduprezhdeniya.

kwempucuko

"Zenit-2" emva Ukuwa kweUSSR ayenziwanga zitshone zisabonakala. inkampani Ukrainian "Yuzhmash" waqhubeka iprojekthi yophuhliso "Zenith" ngentsebenziswano olusondeleyo namaqabane Russian angaphandle. iinkqubo enomjukujelwa, ukuvumela ukwenza kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni ukusuka emhlabeni ( "Zenit-2SL B", "Zenit-3SL B", "Zenit-3SL BF") kunye kumaqonga offshore ( "Zenit-3SL") sele ziphuhlisiwe. Phantse wonke eqala imijukujelwa ilizwe-olusekelwe yenziwe kwi Baikonur.

Iprojekthi International "Ulwandle Launch" yayiququzelelwe imigudu nkampani American iBoeing Commercial Space (40% ye-capital), lo RKK Russian ngo-1995 "Energy" (25%), Ukrainian Software "Pivdenmash" kunye CB "South" (isabelo zizonke-15%), kunye Abakhi Norwegian Aker Solutions (20%). Injongo yale iyona ngoku lula ngakumbi yaye iindleko-olusebenzayo uqala elwandle "Odyssey" iqonga zibekwe kwi-ikhweyitha. iimvavanyo enomjukujelwa zokwalatha ngempumelelo. Ukususela ku-1999 kuye yenziwa 32 sungula ngempumelelo zorhwebo with "Zenit-3SL», 4 akuphumelelanga. Okwangoku, ngenxa emibi eUkraine, kwicala Ukrainian kule projekthi simise inxaxheba yayo.

isigaba sokuqala

Ulwakhiwo kwisigaba sokuqala "Zenit" ubandakanya:

• isakhelo mezhstupennuyu;
• RD171 (RD171M) injini;
• icandelo nesisila;
• amafutha kunye oxidizer kwiitanki.

Mezhstupennaya isakhelo imele utshintsho gumbi truss welding. Yena imvelaphi inyuselwa icala kwibhodi elektropnevmorazemov ngokubonelela iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, isithuthi sungula kunye iziphekepheke kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo esekelwe emhlabeni-ukuqala ILV.

Le iitanki fuel zibekwe amacandelo esizisebenzelayo PGSP, abenzi boluvo VHC, Surte, ngaphakathi etankini oxidizer, koko, inkqubo pressurization iisilinda ifakiwe. Eli candelo umsila ibekwe RD171M-gumbi ezine injini nge shaft izakhelo ezifakwe kwi isakhelo ekupheleni asezantsi.

injini RD171

Isityalo amandla yenzelwe ukudala ibambelele kunye nolawulo iinzame kuwo onke amajelo RCN sinjalo. Le injini yafakwa nisaqala zonke iinguqulelo "Zenit". Irula kwaye ngoku ifakwe phambili RD171M ukulungiswa. Utshintsho uyilo injini zazijoliswe ekuphuculeni inokuthenjwa kunye nokusebenza.

In RD171 wafumana ukusebenzisa iteknoloji woveliso oluqhubele phambili ngakumbi iinjini ngexabiso engamanzi eziveliswe ziinkampani Russian kwinkalo ye injini. Okwangoku ukuguqulwa RD171M i LRE zinamandla ehlabathini, ukuwutyhalela yayo kwindawo yokuqala (ehlabathini) ezi-740.

Isigaba sesibili

Ulwakhiwo Inqanaba lesibini "Zenit" ubandakanya:

• module isixhobo;
• zikwenze RD-120;
• RD8 lokuqondisa injini.
• oxidizer kunye fuel amatanki;
• icandelo nomsila wayo.

Imodyuli Isixhobo engundoqo inxalenye ibekwe ekwinqwelo inkqubo yolawulo izixhobo ngekhompyutha kunye nenkqubo womlinganiselo. Xa amatanki amafutha, njengoko kwinqanaba lokuqala, nabenzi boluvo zilungiselelwe amacandelo esizisebenzelayo Surte, VHC, PGSP ngaphakathi etankini oxidizer - iisilinda supercharging nkqubo.

icandelo Umsila ne zezindlu riveted imvulophu noshowo iyawasusa motor block kuqulethe injini basafunda ezimbini RD-120 kunye esinamavili esungulayo RD8 injini.

"Zenith": rocket kunye neenkcukacha zawo

Ngexesha ukusebenza kwezithuthi launch "Zenith" zonke iintlobo 82 start-up iye yenziwa, uninzi yokugqibela ngempumelelo ngokupheleleyo (69 iqala), 4 - ngokuyinxenye asiphumelelanga, asele engaqhelekanga.

• ubude enomjukujelwa: 57-59,6 m.
• Inani izigaba-2 okanye ezi-3.
• Ubukhulu bepali ubuninzi 3.9 m.
• Payload: iitoni ezingama-15 kwinkqubo Launch Sea, 13.7 m - uhlawulwa ezisentlabathini.
• ubunzima Ukuqalisa: iitoni 445-462.

Nangona umzekelo wentsebenziswano ngempumelelo kwi-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe "Zenith", umjukujelwa okwangoku akukwazanga ngenxa imeko ezingazinzanga Ukraine.