Biology: igama elithetha? Oko izazinzulu yaphakanyiswa ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "biology '?

Biology - igama ekubhekiselwe kuyo yonke inkqubo Sciences. Yena izifundo jikelele eziphilayo, kwakunye intsebenziswano yabo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Biology uphonononga ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi nawuphi esiphilayo, kuquka izinto zazivelela, ukuziphatha, imvelaphi yayo, yokuvelisa kwakhona kunye nokukhula.

Nini elithi "biology '? Njengoko isayensi eyahlukileyo, oko yaqala kuphela ukuvela ngenkulungwane XIX ekuqaleni. Yaye ngubani usungule igama elithi "biology '? Oku uya kufunda kuyo.

Lidala kunye nokuzalwa sezifundo zokuqala eziphilayo

Phambi kokuba uyazi xa kukho ibinzana elithi "Biology", kufuneka intetho omncinane malunga ngokuzalwa ingqeqesho ngokwayo. Ekukholelwa ukuba sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike uAristotle kuqala wazibeka iziseko wenzululwazi yebhayoloji - isiseko Sciences ezifana zezilwanyana kunye Botany. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana ezininzi nezinto eziphathekayo, eyayibhalwe imisebenzi Aristotle kwizilwanyana. Yena yokuqala ekhonjwe unxulumano phakathi kweentlobo ezithile zezilwanyana. Ukuba Aristotle waphawula ukuba zonke izilwanyana uphuphu-ayabulala kwezetyisa umetyiso.

nezifundiswa Enye into ebalulekileyo kummandla eziphilayo uDioscorides ingqalelo, ngubani na ebomini bakhe, utywine waqinisela uluhlu enkulu yezityalo ezingamayeza kunye wachaza isenzo sabo (zomyalelo izityalo angamakhulu amathandathu).

Enye sobulumko yamandulo uTheophrastus, wabhala umsebenzi omkhulu othi "Izifundo kwizityalo." Kuyo waba ingcinga Aristotle, kodwa malunga nezityalo kunye neempawu zawo kuphela.

abanemvume

Eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "biology 'yaye oku kwenzeka nini? Ukuthetha ngayo nangoku ekuseni kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba emva kokuwa i-Western uBukhosi baseRoma, izakhono ezininzi, kuquka nezo amayeza kunye eziphilayo iye yalahleka. Arabhu kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni athimbe indawo enkulu ezandleni zabo imisebenzi Aristotle kuwa - emva kokuba sele ziye zaguqulelwa Arabic.

Kwinkulungwane VIII ngempumelelo enkulu azuzwe abaphandi Arab kummandla Botany kunye nokwakheka. Xa zezilwanyana impumelelo enkulu abe ukufezekisile umbhali Arab - Al Dzhahis kuqala ukuba ngubani bathi ngendaleko, njengoko yaphakanyiswa yi kwithiyori kwikhonkco lokutya.

Al Danavari waba nguyise Botany kwihlabathi Arabhu. Kanye Aristotle, Al Danavari wachaza amalunga namakhulu amathandathu iintlobo zezityalo, ngokunjalo nophuhliso kunye nokukhula isigaba wabo ngamnye kubo.

igalelo ngendlela emangalisayo enkulu kuphuhliso eziphilayo namayeza ingakumbi wenze ugqirha Arab Aviatsenna. Wabhala incwadi edumileyo "The Canon of Medicine", apho wahlala kwinkonzo noogqirha yaseYurophu kwinkulungwane XVIII, olubandakanyayo. It usinike Aviatsenna Pharmacology kwaye uchaze isifundo sokuqala bezonyango ukuba ngakumbi nefuthe elibi isifundo ukwakheka kwabantu kunye neendlela zolawulo izifo.

Ibn Zuhr wafunda uhlobo ngenxa yesifo, ezifana ukhwekhwe, yaye yabamba imisebenzi zotyando, kwaye amalinge lokuqala lonyango izilwanyana. Ephakathi eYurophu, ukufundisisa amayeza kunye nenzululwazi ezifana Botany, ngezilwanyana, akwenziwanga kwaba eyandisiweyo, ikakhulu ngenxa yempembelelo Catholic Church.

Renaissance nomdla amayeza, ibhayoloji

Xa Renaissance, ibinzana elithi "biology 'ukuba nangoku ayaziwa. Kodwa indawo ibandla liye buthathaka kakhulu, yaye izazinzulu, inkoliso yabo eItali, waqalisa ukuba nomdla Botany, ngezilwanyana, nokwakheka amayeza - baqalisa ukufunda imisebenzi yamanani zenzululwazi yamandulo.

Sele kwinkulungwane XVI,-nzulu Dutch Vesalius wazibeka iziseko komzimba mihla. Ukuze ubhale imisebenzi yabo, yena dissected umzimba womntu kwaye bafunde isakhiwo izibilini.

Abaphandi babuyela isifundo ashinyeneyo zezityalo, oko Botany, kuba waqonda ukuba imifuno emininzi zimpahla eqinile amayeza kwaye kunceda ephilisa izifo.

Kwinkulungwane XVI inkcazelo izilwanyana kunye nendlela abaphila ngayo sele iyinto uphando yonke ukulungiselela isifundo zonke izilwanyana ezaziwayo.

Akukho negalelo kangako kuphuhliso eziphilayo ezenziwe uLeonardo da Vinci, Paracelsus, ngubani waqhubeka efunda nokwakheka Pharmacology.

Xa inzululwazi ngenkulungwane XVII Gaspard Bauhin ezichazwe eyaziwayo ngelo xesha eYurophu onke, isityalo - bungaphezu kweekhilogram ezingamawaka amathandathu iintlobo. Izigxala Harvey esenza yotyando izilwanyana, wenza izinto ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene kwegazi.

Xa XVII kwekhulu kwakuvela ingqeqesho entsha eziphilayo ezinxulumene neemicroscope fyabo. Ngenxa zophando lwakhe, abantu baye bafunda ubukho elilodwa olunye-abancinane kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba livakale eluntwini. Emva koko wahlolwa kuqala lwesidoda babantu.

Yeyiphi Isazinzulu wasebenzisa igama elithi "biology '?

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX iinkalo zebhayoloji yaguquka yaba inzululwazi epheleleyo-epheleleyo incoko, nto leyo iye yawongwa nezesayensi.

Ngoko ke yintoni Isazinzulu wacebisa usebenzisa igama elithi "biology '? Yenzeka nini le nto?

Igama elithi "Biology" yaphakanyiswa liGosa anatomist waseJamani kunye komzimba Friedrich Burdach ngubani ezikhethekileyo isifundo ngobuchopho bomntu. Esi siganeko senzeke ngo-1800.

Kwakhona, kubalulekile besithi biology - ibinzana wanikelwa ezinye izazinzulu amabini, ubengamazi malunga isigwebo Burdach. Ngowe-1802, Gottfried Treviranus noJean Baptiste Lamarck onxusene wathi kuyo. Inkcazo "biology" Kwazeka oko kubo bonke izazinzulu ukusebenza kweli cala.

Biology kwinkulungwane XIX

Ngoku uyazi eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "biology", kukuba ukuthetha malunga nophuhliso yayo engaphezulu. Enye imisebenzi engundoqo ngenkulungwane XIX yaba ukupapashwa Charles Darwin kaThixo "The Origin of Species." Kwangaxeshanye, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ezahlukene phakathi engaphili zokuphila indalo. Oogqirha kunye izazinzulu baqhubeka ukuba asebenzise izilwanyana, nto leyo wanika inkxaso enkulu ekuqondeni izibilini.

Biology kwinkulungwane XX

Pharmacy kunye nezinye iinkalo iye ngokwesiseko utshintshe kwafunyanwa Mendeleev - wadala itafile ekuthiwa-ngamaxesha athile. Emva kokufunyanwa izazinzulu ngamaxesha bafumanisa zofuzo njengoko abathwali yolwazi yemfuza.

Genetics kwavela ukususela ekuqaleni 1920. Cishe xesha, waqalisa isifundo iivithamini kunye nesicelo sabo. Ngo-1960 emva kwexesha, oko yayishicilelwe ikhowudi DNA, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela iinkalo yebhayoloji ezifana ubunjineli yemfuza. Yena ijongene kwisifundo elikhutheleyo zofuzo zabantu kunye nezilwanyana, kwakunye ukukhangela iindlela ukutshintsha ngokubamba iqhekeza izakhi.

Development of biology kwinkulungwane xxi

Ngenkulungwane xxi, iingxaki ezininzi sisombululo. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ingxaki ngemvelaphi yobomi on Earth. Kwakhona, abaphandi bafikelela kwisivumelwano malunga nomba wokuba kwakukho ikhowudi triplet.

zebhayoloji odlamjke kakhulu zemfuza ezisebenza umba ukwaluphala. Izazinzulu zizama ukuqonda ukuba kutheni izinto ubudala, yaye yintoni ebangela ukuba inkqubo ukwaluphala. Le ngxaki ke wabiza omnye iimfihlakalo yabantu, ngesisombululo apho aya ngonaphakade ukutshintsha ihlabathi.

Akukho ngaphantsi esebenzayo abaphandi, ingakumbi Botany, umsebenzi ingxaki ngemvelaphi ubomi kwezinye izijikelezi-langa. Ezo zifundo ziya kudlala indima enkulu kakhulu wokuhlola isithuba sangaphandle kunye nezinye iiplanethi.

imigaqo Biology

Xa zizonke, kukho imigaqo ezintlanu esisiseko. Bayamanyana ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkalo zebhayoloji kwinzululwazi omnye izinto eziphilayo, ogama - biology. Eli binzana ibandakanya le migaqo ilandelayo:

• Evolution - inkqubo yendalo yophuhliso nawuphi esiphilayo, apho utshintsho ikhowudi yezofuzo ye ephilayo.
• Amandla - lophawu ebalulekileyo nayiphi esiphilayo. Ngamafutshane, kuphela abasisigxina ukuhamba amandla,, iqinisekisa kusinda eziphilayo.
• theory Cell (iseli - iyunithi ezingundoqo a ophilayo). Zonke iiseli zomzimba iphuma ukusuka yeqanda. ukwanda kwabo kungenxa ukwahlulwa iseli enye kwezimbini.
• gene theory (inxalenye encinane kwemolekyuli DNA, nenoxanduva ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi yemfuza ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye).
• Homeostasis - inkqubo ukuzeyisa umzimba kwaye ubuyisele ukulingana kwimigangatho.

ebayala eziphilayo

Okwangoku Biology - ibinzana elibandakanya izifundo zokuhlola eziliqela nganye oko ezikhethekileyo, kodwa ifaka kuzo zonke migaqo ikhankanywe ngasentla kwale nzululwazi.

Phakathi kwezi zifundo ithandwayo:

• Human - ingqeqesho lifunda ubume eziphilayo multicellular, isakhiwo umsebenzi ngamalungu angaphakathi.
• Botany - eyagcina elijongene isifundo izityalo kuphela njengoko eziphilayo multicellular kunye kwiseli enye.
• Ngumzuzu - i icandelo elibalulekileyo Microbiology, oye efunda kunye nokulwa ayingozi ebantwini kwakunye virus isilwanyana. Okwangoku, ngumzuzu - isixhobo ukulwa iintsholongwane, yaye ngenxa yoko asisindise izigidi zabantu.
• Genetics engineering genetic - isayensi ufunda imithetho yofuzo kunye ukwehluka eziphilayo. Le lijongene latter ukusetyenziswa yemfuza, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukulungisa izinto, kunye nokudala ezintsha.
• Zoology - inzululwazi ejongene isifundo kwehlabathi isilwanyana, okanye, ngendlela elula, izilwanyana.
• Lemvelo - isayensi lifunda impefumlelwano nayiphi esiphilayo ezinye izinto eziphilayo, kwakunye intsebenziswano yabo kunye nehlabathi.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba sisazinzulu eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "biology", indlela yophuhliso kwale nzululwazi sele idlule. Siyathemba ukuba ulwazi luncedo.