Future Energy: ekhoyo kunye neengcinga ezimnandi. imithombo yamandla Alternative

Yinto akukho mfihlakalo ukuba namhlanje uluntu izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo anesiphelo, koko, imveliso eqhubekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa ayikwazi kuphela amandla, kodwa intlekele yendalo akhokele. Ngokwemveli esetyenziswa yi uluntu yamajelo - amalahle, igesi kwakunye ne-oli - sele usebenzise i kwamashumi ezimbalwa kamva, kwaye inyathelo kufuneka kuthathwe ngoku, kweli xesha lethu. Kakade ke, sinako ndithemba ukuba siye kwakhona uya kufumana ezinye zizityebi dipozithi, kwakunye kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba imali enkulu kangaka kwakhona. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko, nkqu ukufunyanwa kwamabala ezintsha ziya kulibazisa kuphela imfuneko engaphephekiyo ukufumana iindlela amandla ezizezinye, nokusebenzisa izibonelelo ehlaziyekayo njengomoya, ilanga, Ingquzu yeSanti, amanzi, njl, yaye ukongezelela kule kuyimfuneko ukuqhubeka uphuhliso lobugcisa ezonga umbane.

Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela ezinye ethembisayo, ngokoluvo zabahlalutyi mihla, izimvo apho ekwakheni ikamva lamandla.

elanga izitishi

Abantu kudala wacinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa amandla kwelanga emhlabeni. Phantsi kwelanga elibaselwe ngumoji amanzi kunye yomile iingubo zomdongwe phambi kokuba idluliselwe eziko, Noko ke, angabizwa ngempumelelo ezi ndlela. Indlela yokuqala zobugcisa, ukuguqulela amandla elanga yavela ngenkulungwane ye-18. French sesayensi Buffon, amava iye yabonisa, apho wakwazi uncedwa omkhulu phakathi isibuko ecacileyo yemozulu kwanokubuyisela kowomileyo imithi umgama omalunga ne-70 eemitha. compatriot wakhe, edumileyo Isazinzulu Lavoisier, isicelo lenses ukuba anikele ingqalelo amandla ilanga, yaye eNgilani wadala iglasi lenticular ukuba ngokujolisa imitha yelanga zanyibilika isinyithi imizuzu nje embalwa.

Bemvelo baqhube imifuniselo ezininzi eyabonakala ukuba ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga emhlabeni. Noko ke, iseli welanga bababuyisa amandla elanga zibe amandla ngomatshini, esanda kutshanje, ngo-1953. It wadalwa zizazinzulu ukusuka kwi US National Agency Aerospace. Sele 1959 kuqala ukusebenzisa i panel solar kukuxhobisa satellite isithuba.

Mhlawumbi ngoko, eqonda ukuba neebhetri loo isithuba kakhulu eyiyo ngakumbi, izazinzulu ukuba ingcamango ngokudala isithuba izityalo elanga, ngokuba ilixa ilanga ukwenza amandla kwideri kangangoko yonke edla uluntu kunye nonyaka, ngoko kutheni ungasebenzisi nto? uya kuba yintoni na kwixesha elizayo amandla elanga?

Kwelinye icala kubonakala ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga ilungele. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso indawo izityalo enkulu elanga iphezulu kakhulu, yaye koko, akukho ndlela eya kusebenza. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, njengoko iiteknoloji ezintsha kuqaliswa ukunikezelwa imithwalo emajukujukwini, kwakunye nezinto ezintsha, ukuqaliswa kweprojekthi bekuya kuba kunokwenzeka, kodwa singakwazi ukusebenzisa panels elincinane ngokwentelekiso kuphela phezu komhlaba planethi. Abaninzi baya kuthi ukuba yinto embi kakhulu. Ewe, kunokwenzeka engasese ikhaya, kodwa ngamandla sonikezelo nakwizixeko ezikhulu, ngokulandelelana, kufuneka iseti solar panels, iteknoloji ukuba Ndobenza babe nempumelelo.

Icala kwezoqoqosho umba ukhona: yonke imali iza kubandezeleka ukuba oko kuya umsebenzi ukuguqulela wonke umzi (okanye ilizwe) kwi-solar. Kubonakala ngathi Kungathetha abahlali ezidolophini uhlawule ezinye isixa uphuculo, kodwa loo mzekelo abayi uya kuba noyolo, ngenxa yokuba xa abantu babekulungele ukuya kwi iindleko ezinjalo, babeza kuba sele ekwenzile ngokwabo: ukukwazi ukuthenga solar panel sele wonke.

Ngokuphathelele amandla elanga kukho kwenye into edidayo: iindleko zemveliso. amandla elanga ngqo kwi Translation umbane - hayi nto kakuhle. Sekunjalo akazange wafumana indlela engcono kunokuba ukusebenzisa imitha yelanga ukufudumeza amanzi, nto leyo iba ngomphunga nto leyo uqhuba ugesi. Kulo mzekelo, yamandla ilahleko liselikho sakugcina. Kwabantu ufuna ukusebenzisa panels "green" elanga kunye isikhululo elanga, ukusindisa ubuncwane emhlabeni, kodwa ngenxa yale projekthi iza kufuna isixa esikhulu kwezibonelelo ezifanayo, kwaye amandla "non-eziphilayo". Umzekelo, isityalo amandla elanga kunye kwindawo malunga ezimbini ezikwere zeekhilomitha sele kutshanje kwakhiwa eFransi. iindleko Construction ibe malunga nama-110 ezigidi kowethu, hayi kuquka iindleko msebenzi. Kuko konke oku kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ubomi iindlela enjalo malunga neminyaka engama-25.

umoya

Wind energy - nazo asetyenziswa ngabantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, lo mzekelo elula i ngesikhephe iphendukile. Windmill ukusebenzisa namhlanje, ukuba olugqibeleleyo, ngokukodwa kwiindawo imimoya rhoqo, ezifana kunxweme. Izazinzulu zisoloko abeke phambili izimvo kwanokuphucula indlela izixhobo ezikhoyo lokuguqula amandla omoya, omnye wabo - ngohlobo ezidadayo turbines turbines umoya. Ngenxa ukujikeleza rhoqo babeza 'bambelela' emoyeni kwiimitha ezilikhulu ambalwa ukusuka emhlabeni, apho umoya onamandla rhoqo. Oku kuya kunceda umbane kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, apho akunakwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa turbines oluqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, ezi turbines ezidadayo ibe nendlu kwiimodyuli Internet apho kuya kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa abantu ukufikelela kwi-World Wide Web.

Nabaqala amaza

Ukukhula amandla elanga kunye nomoya kwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye utsale umdla abaphandi ngomnye amandla endalo. Okunye uthembisa ukuba usebenzise namaza. Kakade, lo mba uye ezijikeleze iinkampani ezilikhulu ehlabathini lonke, kwaye kukho iiprojekthi ezininzi eziye yabonisa impumelelo yale ndlela ukuveliswa kombane. Inzuzo phezu amandla elanga ukuba ilahleko nguqulelo kwamandla omnye komnye sakugcina: a Iliza elikhulu izizo iyajikeleza a injini, oveza umbane.

I "Oyster" - ingcamango ebekwe phezu kolwandle lomnyango apata, nto leyo iza kubonelela ngamanzi elunxwemeni, ngaloo ndlela ukujika injini elula ngamanzi. enye ufakelo onjalo kuphela onokunikela umbane indawo encinane.

Sele Australia baye basebenzisa ngempumelelo iliza kolwandle; kwisixeko Perth kwetyuwa efakiweyo ukusebenza olu hlobo lwe-eneji. Umsebenzi wabo ivumela amanzi kubantu malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi. amandla Natural kunye noshishino kwakhona ezidityanisiweyo kwicandelo imveliso yezamandla.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla namaza yahluke kancinane ubuchwepheshe ukuba babefudula bebona izityalo emlanjeni umbane. HPP kudla neziyilimazayo indalo zitshabalalise okusingqongileyo: kwindawo ezingqongileyo yayigcwele, wabatshabalalisa eziphilayo, kodwa izityalo ezisebenzisa amaza kolwandle, kule nkalo, ikhuseleke kakhulu.

amandla kwabantu

Enye yezinto ezininzi kwamnandi ukusetyenziswa iiprojekthi amandla abantu abaphilayo ungafowunela kuluhlu lwethu. Izandi emangalisa kwaye okukhulu ngakumbi, kodwa yonke into eyoyikisayo. Izazinzulu ulazisa ingcamango indlela yokusebenzisa amandla yokugaya motion. Kungenxa kule projekthi kwi microelectronics kunye zezenzululwazi kunye power eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo kuvakala ngathi yigadi, akukho olona phuhliso, kodwa ingcamango umdla kakhulu kwaye angazishiyi iingqondo izazinzulu. Vuma, elula kakhulu ukuba izixhobo ezifana ikloko kunye podzavodkoy oluzenzekelayo iya kuhlawuliswa ngenxa yokuba woluvo iintambo umnwe, okanye cwecwe okanye ifowuni elenga ebhegini xa ehamba. Singasathethi ke iingubo, nto leyo uzaliswe microdevices ezahlukeneyo, akwazi ukuguqula ibe umbane eneji yeentshukumo zabantu.

E eBerkeley, kwi Lawrence Laboratory, umzekelo, izazinzulu baye bazama ukuba kuziswe ebomini ingcamango ukusebenzisa virus ukundinyanzela conversion energy ibe umbane. iindlela Small ukusebenza kwi sicelo, njengoko kukho, kunjalo, kodwa ukuhamba buchwepheshe lingakulungele. Ewe, umbhodamo amandla lwehlabathi le ndlela ukumelana: Indlela Abantu abaninzi baya "sihla" ukwenza isebenze yonke isityalo? Kodwa njengokuba omnye amanyathelo asetyenziswe entsonkothileyo, ithiyori yinto ebonakalayo.

Ingakumbi efana ubuchwepheshe ukuze ngempumelelo nzima ukuze afikelele kwimimandla, kwizikhululo polar, ezintabeni ihlathi, phakathi abahambi kunye nabakhenkethi ndingabi nawo amandla ukuba abize igajethi yakho, kodwa ukuhlala kwebala kubalulekile, ingakumbi xa iqela owayekwimeko ezibalulekileyo. akwazi kuthintelwa Zingaphi izinto xa abantu bebesoloko isixhobo sonxibelelwano enokuthenjwa leyo uzimele 'ukusuka eludongeni. "

cell hydrogen

Mhlawumbi, umnini nganye imoto, Nijonge isixa ukukhanya zepetroli sisondela zero, kukho uluvo lokuba bekuya kuba njani enkulu ukuba Imoto ihamba phezu kwamanzi. Kodwa ngoku atom bayo bawela entsimini ngenxa izazinzulu njengoko amaziko amandla lokwenene. Isibakala sokuba amasuntswana hydrogen - irhasi kakhulu luninzi iphela - iqulethe isixa esikhulu wamandla. Ngaphezu koko, le injini utshisa igesi phantse akukho iimveliso, oko kukuthi, sifumana izibaso kakhulu indalo.

Hydrogen utyholwa ezithile iimodyuli ze-ISS kunye shuttles, kodwa Earth ikho isikakhulu ngohlobo iikhompawundi ezifana namanzi. Kwi yee- eRashiya baye ukuphuhlisa moya ezisebenzisa hydrogen amafutha, ezi bugcisa babhalelwa izinto ezisetyenziswayo practice, kunye neemodeli zovavanyo lubonise olusebenzayo. Xa hydrogen siyahlukana phandle, kube siyasuswa sibekwe kwenye iseli ekhethekileyo amafutha, umbane ngoko yenziwe ngqo. Oku amandla elizayo sele eyenzekayo. Ezi iimoto sele obuvelisiweyo kunye nezixa kahle esikhulu. Le nkampani Honda, ukuze abethelele jikelele umthombo wamandla kunye nemoto ngokubanzi, wenza uphando apho umatshini idityaniswe kwi Inetweki yekhaya umbane, kodwa hayi ukwenzela ukuba agcwalisiwe. Isithuthi zinganika ikhaya labucala amandla kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, okanye udlule ngaphandle kokufaka phantse angamakhulu amahlanu eekhilomitha.

Le ethile kuphela kulo mthombo wamandla ngalo mzuzu - oku ixabiso eliphezulu zokhenketho-friendly ezinjalo iimoto, yaye ke, kukho inani elincinane ngokwentelekiso hydrogen kwizikhululo zepetroli, kodwa kumazwe amaninzi sele izicwangciso ukwakhiwa kwayo. Umzekelo, Germany sele isicwangciso ukufaka ezilikhulu ipetroli ngo-2017.

ubushushu bomhlaba

Uguqulo lwamandla thermal zibe umbane - Lowo ngumongo amandla okuvela. Kwamanye amazwe apho kunzima ukusebenzisa kwamanye amashishini, isetyenziswa kakhulu ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, kwi Philippines-27% yawo wonke umbane uwa phezu izityalo amandla zafakwa, yaye Iceland eli nani malunga ne-30%. Undoqo yale ndlela imveliso yezamandla ilula, indlela iyafana injini elula. Phambi okuthiwa "ichibi" daka Kuyimfuneko ukuba sizakugrumba umngxuma apho amanzi sokumpompa. Phezu contact ngamanzi lolu daka ukuvutha nangoko similise ngomphunga. Liphuma apho ilenze turbine ngomatshini, ngaloo ndlela ovelisa umbane.

ukukhusela ikamva lamandla Ingquzu yeSanti kukufumana "isiqulathi 'elikhulu iziqina. Umzekelo, kwi ngentla Iceland kuyo waphumelela: yale igqengezelayo daka ngesekhondi zonke yabuya kaThixo ezilayishwe amanzi aba umphunga lobushushu 450 degrees Celsius, nto leyo eliphelele irekhodi. Loo umphunga ophezulu xi unako ukuphucula ukusebenza isikhululo Ingquzu yeSanti izihlandlo eziliqela, oko kube negalelo kuphuhliso lwamandla zafakwa ehlabathini, ingakumbi kwiindawo okroqiweyo mlilo kunye nemithombo thermal.

Sebenzisa zenkunkuma yenyukliya

amandla enyukliya, ngelo xesha, wadala yezigcawu. Akubanga de logama nje abantu abaqapheli ingozi ngokupheleleyo imboni yezamandla. Iingozi zinokwenzeka, ukususela kumatyala ezifanayo akukho mntu ugonyiwe, kodwa zinqabile kakhulu, kodwa inkunkuma eqhumayo kuvela oluzinzileyo, kude kube ngoku, izazinzulu asikwazanga ukusombulula le ngxaki. Isibakala sokuba kweentonga uranium - i "amafutha" amandla enyukliya emveli zinokusetyenziswa yi% 5 kuphela. Emva uphuhliso kule ndawo elincinane yonke olungundoqo uthunyelwa "ekumgqomo".

Ebikade isetyenziswa ngaphambili ndlela apho iintonga sabhaptizelwayo emanzini, nto leyo imenza i neutron, ngexesha ilondoloza esitalini yokusabela. Ngoku endaweni amanzi baqalisa ukusebenzisa sodium ulwelo. Le endaweni ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise nje yonke umthamo uranium, kodwa ukusebenza amashumi amawaka eetoni kwenkunkuma eqhumayo.

Msuseni umhlaba kwenkunkuma amandla enyukliya kubalulekile, kodwa kukho into enye, "kodwa" kwi ubuchwepheshe ngokwayo. Uranus ubhekisela izibonelelo kunye noovimba kweli hlabathi sokuzalwa. Ukuba wonke umhlaba ukuguqulela ngokukodwa kwi-eneji efumaneka amandla enyukliya (umzekelo, kwi US izityalo amandla enyukliya 20% kuphela ukusetyenziswa kombane zizonke), oovimba uranium iya badiniwe kunokuba ngokukhawuleza, yaye oku kwakhona kuya kukhokelela abantu baya emnyango ingxaki amandla, ukuze amandla enyukliya , nakuba yala maxesha, kuphela ngumlinganiselo wexeshana.

oli yemifuno

Nkqu uHenry Ford, ukudala i "Model T", iqikelela ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba usebenzise biofuels. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli amasimi ioli emitsha uyaziwa, kunye nemfuneko eminye imithombo yamandla iye yaphela ngenxa eminyaka embalwa, kodwa ngoku umva kwakhona.

Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu edlulileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha yemifuno, ezifana ethanol kunye biodiesel, ukwanda izihlandlo eziliqela. Zisetyenziswa njengemithombo ezimeleyo amandla, njengoko isongezo, ukuze ipetroli. Abanye Kudala, bebabethe eziqhotyoshelwe a okhethekileyo namazimba inkcubeko, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Canola". Kuyinto ezingafanelekanga ngokupheleleyo njengoko ukutya nokuba abantu okanye izilwanyana, kodwa umxholo ioli eliphezulu. I-oyile nensimbi ukuvelisa "biodiesel". Kodwa le nkcubeko kuthatha isithuba kakhulu, ukuba uzama ukuba akhule kuyo elide ngokwaneleyo ukubonelela amafutha ubuncinane yinxalenye planethi.

Ngoku izazinzulu sithetha ngayo ngokusebenzisa lisiza. isiqulatho yabo ioli ezimalunga nama-50%, nto leyo iza ngokulula luthathe ioli, kunye nenkunkuma inokujikwa ibe isichumiso ngokusekelwe eziya kukhula ulwelwe entsha. Le ngcamango ingqalelo umdla, kodwa nokubanakho alikafiki singqiniwe ukuba kokupapashwa yemifuniselo ngempumelelo kule ndawo zange ishicilelwe.

fusion nuclear

igunya lehlabathi elizayo, ngokutsho abaphengululi mihla, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle technology nokumanyana. Ngoko ke, ngalo mzuzwana, uphuhliso ethembisayo, nto leyo esele imali izigidi zeerandi.

E enyukliya amandla izityalo ukusebenzisa amandla ukwahlukana. Kuyingozi ngenxa yokuba kukho isoyikiso ukusabela olungalawulwayo ukuba siyitshabalalise reactor, yaye kuya kukhokelela nokukhululwa eninzi kwezinto radioactive: mhlawumbi onke khumbula yengozi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya.

Indlela abasabela ngayo yenyukliya fusion, igama layo lixela, isebenzisa amandla akhululwe atom ekudibaneni. Ngenxa yoko, ngokungafaniyo ngokucandeka enyukliya, akasayi kwasekwa nayiphi na inkunkuma eqhumayo.

Ingxaki ebalulekileyo kukuba ngenxa yefuthe le-thermyukliya into eyenziwa ukuba inokushisa kangangokuthi inokutshabalalisa i-reactor.

Eli gunya lekamva liyinyani. Kwaye iimbono zilapha zingekho ndawo, okwangoku ukwakhiwa kwe-reactor sele kuqalile kwintsimi yaseFransi. Kutyalwe imali engamawaka ezigidigidi zamarandi kwiprojekthi yokulinga, exhaswa ngamazwe amaninzi, kuquka iChina, iJapan, iUnited States, iRashiya nabanye. Ekuqaleni, ukuhlolwa kokuqala bekucetywayo ukuba kuqaliswe ngo-2016, kodwa izibalo zibonise ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lincinci (endaweni ye-bhiliyoni ezi-5 kuthatha i-19), kwaye ukuqaliswa kwahlehliselwa enye iminyaka engama-9. Mhlawumbi kwiminyaka embalwa siza kubona ukuba yintoni amandla enyukliya anako.

Iingxaki zeNkundla kunye neZithuba zeKamva

Akunjalo kuphela izazinzulu, kodwa kunye nabalobi bezesayensi beengcali, banikeza iingcamango ezininzi zokuphunyezwa kwethekhnoloji yekamva kwicandelo lamandla, kodwa bonke bayavuma ukuba kude kubekho nanye yezinketho ezikhethiweyo eziza kunika zonke iimfuno zentlalo yethu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba yonke imoto e-US iya kuhamba kunye ne-biofuels, amasimu e-canola aya kufuneka atyala insimi elingana nesiqingatha selizwe, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ukuba akukho ndawo eninzi ifanelekileyo yokufama e-States.
Ngaphezu koko, ngoku, zonke iindlela zokuvelisa amandla angaphezulu zibiza. Mhlawumbi, abahlali basezidolophini abaqhelekileyo bayavuma ukuba kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ubume bendalo, izinto ezinokuhlaziywa, kodwa kungekhona kwimeko xa bexelelwe indleko yolu tshintsho okwangoku. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziseninzi ukusebenzela kule ndawo. Ukufumana ezintsha, izixhobo ezintsha, iingcamango ezintsha - konke oku kuya kunceda uluntu luphumelele ngokuphumelelayo neengxaki zenkxaso yokukhula.

Ukuxazulula ingxaki yamandla kwiplanethi inokuba yinkqubo enzima. Kwezinye iindawo kulungele ukusetyenziswa kokutsalwa kwamandla ngoncedo lomoya, kwindawo ethile - iipaneli zelanga, njalonjalo. Kodwa, mhlawumbi, into ephambili iya kuba ukwehla kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi kunye nokudala ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla. Wonke umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba unembopheleleko kwiplanethi, kwaye wonke umntu kufuneka azibuze yena: "Ndiyintoni na amandla endikhethayo kwikamva?"
Ngaphambi kokuqhubela kwezinye izixhobo, wonke umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba oku kuyimfuneko. Kuphela ngeendlela ezipheleleyo ziza kusombulula ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwamandla.