Zangaphandle nezangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny 2. Amanqaku Catherine nkqubo ekhaya 2

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, Catherine ezizimeleyo yaye ba- nxanelwe ulwazi II akwazi ukwenza revolution wokwenene eRashiya. Ukususela 1744 yayibizwa uKumkanikazi Elizabeth eSt Petersburg. Apho, uCatherine wathabatha kobuOthodoki waba umtshakazi Prince Peter Fedorovich.

Umzabalazo ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi

Future uKumkanikazi wazama ngandlela zonke ukuba sithandwe nomyeni wakhe, unina kunye nabantu. UCatherine wachitha ixesha elininzi efunda iincwadi loqoqosho, nomthetho, imbali, okuthe kwanempembelelo kwi sengqondo yayo. Xa uPetros III weza etroneni, ubudlelwane bakhe nomfazi wakhe kwakhula ubutshaba efanayo. Ngeli xesha, uCatherine waqalisa ukulungisa isakhiwo sebali. Ecaleni yakhe amanqe, KG Razumovsky. NI Panin nabanye. NgoJuni 1762, xa umlawuli wayengekho eSt Petersburg, Catherine wangena enqabeni yomkhosi Izmailovsky webutho, enziwe umlawuli yedwa. Emva ezininzi izicelo iintetho yokubhala indoda asiyeke. Internal, yangaphandle Politika Ekateriny II waqalisa lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso.

Iimpawu yebhodi

UCatherine II wakwazi bayingqonga ngokwam abantu abanetalente nengaqhelekanga. Waziphilisa ngamandla iingcinga umdla eyayiza kuba luncedo ukusebenzisa iinjongo zabo. Benezifundo uKumkanikazi baziphethe kakuhle ngokufihlakeleyo, baba sisipho ukuphulaphula interlocutor. Kodwa Catherine II wazithanda amandla kwaye akwazi ukuya nayiphi na egqithiseleyo, nje ukugcina kuye.

UKumkanikazi yaxhasa iCawa yobuOthodoki, kodwa akazange abagatye ukusetyenziswa konqulo kwezopolitiko. Kuye ukuba ukwakha amabandla obuProtestanti namaKatolika kunye neemosque. Kodwa bajeziswe inguqu ukusuka kwimfundiso ukuya kwenye inkolo.

Domestic Catherine 2 (short)

UKumkanikazi unyule postulates ezintathu, nto leyo esekelwe imisebenzi yayo: ulandelelwano, ngokuthe ngcembe kunye nokunik'ingxelo abavakalelwa ngayo uluntu. Catherine Umlebe yaba lweli ukupheliswa serfdom, kodwa wakhokela izikhulu ukuxhasa le nkqubo. Wazibekela inani labemi kwiphondo ngalinye (abahlali kufuneka ungabi ngaphezu kwe-400 amawaka), kunye okwilizwe (ukuya kuma-30,000). Ngokuphathelele kokwahlulwa izixeko ezininzi kwakhiwa. Xa iziko ngalinye wephondo bamaziko karhulumente ukuba kuhlelwe. Ezi, njengoko iziko lephondo eziphambili - ulawulo - nerhuluneli ophetheyo, Criminal kunye Chamber Civil, Financial Management Authority (House of the National Treasury). Kukho ziye zasekwa: High Court yePhondo, kaMantyi wePhondo kunye nobundlobongela Upper. Yayidlala indima enkundleni ngenxa kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo wayebunjwa sihlalo kunye lwabavavanyi. umzimba wadalwa sisikhokelo sesisombululo esinoxolo lweemfazwe, ekuthiwa inkundla yesazela. Ihlalela kwakhona amatyala criminally ngamageza. Imingeni izixhobo izikolo, iindawo kunye almshouses inxaxheba Order of uthando yoluntu.

zokulungisa yezopolitiko counties

abachaphazelekayo zangaphakathi UCatherine 2 umgaqo umzi. Apha kwakhona, iqela ngeeplanga. Ngoko ke inkundla yesithili esezantsi onoxanduva kwimisebenzi yamapolisa kunye nolawulo. Inkundla County mncane High Court yePhondo kunye izidwangube ingqalelo ityala. Indawo apho abemi leyo bagwetywa, yaba umantyi umzi. Ukusombulula iingxaki abalimi wadala kubulawa Lower.

Ulawulo wabulawayo oluchanekileyo umthetho eyabelwe umtshutshisi yephondo kunye Ngendlu ezimbini. IRhuluneli-Jikelele walandela umsebenzi kumaphondo aliqela kwaye isicelo ngqo uKumkanikazi. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, nempahla table ezichazwe iincwadi ezininzi kwimbali.

uguquko kwezomthetho

Ngowe-1775, oko kumiselwa inkqubo entsha ukusombulula iingxabano. Eklasini nganye le ngxaki ayilungiseki igunya layo lomthetho. Zonke iinkundla, ngaphandle babulawelwa Lower zinyulwe. YePhondo High ihlolwe amatyala abanini kunye nabalimi ingxabano (ukuba umlimi urhulumente) eyayikuyo ubundlobongela eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Iimbambano ezingafani ngamakhoboka mhlaba. Ke ukuba abefundisi, ababanga kugweba kuphela Bishops kwi consistories zephondo. INdlu Yeengwevu yaba igunya elongamileyo yenkundla.

uguquko Municipal

UKumkanikazi afuna ukuba ngamalungisa imibutho yasekuhlaleni ukuba iklasi nganye kunye namalungelo self-government. Ngowe-1766 uCatherine II thaca i Manifesto phezu lokusekwa kweKomishoni ukujongana nemiba yasekuhlaleni. Phantsi kwesikhokelo nguSihlalo aziingangamsha, nentloko onyulwe apho esixekweni yathatha indawo unyulo zamasekela, ndawonye notshintshiselwano nezigunyaziso zabo. Ngenxa yoko, inani ngezenzo zomthetho,, awayinyulayo eminye imithetho karhulumente wommandla. Osesikhundleni wanikwa inkululeko ilungelo lokuzikhethela kwisithili kunye sihlalo yephondo, unobhala, County ijaji kunye abavavanyi kunye nabanye abaphathi. ulawulo Urban kuthatha iingcamango ezimbini: Ngokubanzi ne Shestiglasnaya. Yangaphambili unelungelo lokwenza ii-odolo kule ndawo. Kuye usihlalo usodolophu. Ingcinga okupheleleyo ukuya kangangoko kuyimfuneko. yonke imihla Shestiglasnaya khona. She is esilawulayo kunye yaquka abameli ezintandathu iklasi nganye kunye nosibonda. kusekho Kwakukho Council City, elizifezekisayo qho kwiminyaka emithathu. Le umzimba unalo ilungelo lokuzikhethela Shestiglasnuyu ingcinga.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 akuhlawulwa ingqalelo emapoliseni. Ngowe-1782, uye wadala umthetho leyo ilawulwa isakhiwo-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho, bejonge imisebenzi yabo, kwakunye inkqubo izohlwayo.

impilo asebukhosini

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 inani amaxwebhu kuqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni indawo kakuhle kule klasi. Phumeza igosa okanye athimbe impahla yakhe kunokwenzeka kuphela emva esenzileyo mthetho oluxhomisa amehlo. Bewazi kuhambelana mfuneko uKumkanikazi. Olinene ayikwazanga phantsi isohlwayo emzimbeni. Ukongeza yokulahla bayahlelwa abalimi kunye nemiba yelifa, ummeli estate ukuba ngokukhululekileyo zindwendwele ngaphesheya, thumela izikhalazo zabo ngqo kweRhuluneli-Jikelele. Zangaphandle nezangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny 2 ngokusekelwe izilangazelelo eklasini.

abameli kancinane amahlwempu umthetho amalungelo. Ngoko ke, thatha inxaxheba kwiindibano zephondo yezikhulu ngaba umntu ngamnye kunye iziqinisekiso impahla ethile. Ukuba ezabiwayo sikhundla; kulo mzekelo, kufuneka ngokuba yingeniso ezongezelelweyo ngaphantsi kwe $ 100 ngonyaka ngamnye.

uhlaziyo loqoqosho

Ngowe-1775, yena afunde Manifesto, apho bonke abantu ukuba 'ngumoya ngokuzithandela up zonke iintlobo ematyeni nokuvelisa kuzo zonke iintlobo zobugcisa ngaphandle kokuba sele unike imvume "kuzo zombini namagunya eziphezulu zasekuhlaleni. Mfu ngaphandle yaba tyala uhlobo lweshishini karhulumente waze 1861, kwakunye neenkampani bakhonza umkhosi. Iziganeko zangaphambili ziye negalelo ekukhuleni koqoqosho beklasi yomthengisi. Le iklasi wathatha inxaxheba lusenza negalelo kuphuhliso imveliso ezintsha kunye namashishini. Ngenxa isenzo yabathengisi baqala ukuphuhlisa ishishini entle le, baguqula kamva kwicandelo alukiweyo. UCatherine II ngo-1775, eyasekwa labakhandi zabarhwebi ezintathu, ezibe yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye kwikomkhulu okhoyo. Nge Ukusebenzisa imali nganye ezifotwe-1% ye-capital, kwaye yeyona njongo yaye kungalawulwa. Ngo-1785 kwenziwa isatifikethi zoluntu, nto leyo yathi abarhwebi unelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kurhulumente wengingqi kunye nenkundla, ukuba baxolelwe isohlwayo sokubetha. Ilungelo ezinxulumene kuphela imifela lokuqala nolo lukwizinga lesibini, kwaye ekubuyeni kwakufuneka ukunyusa ubungakanani eyinkunzi ebhengeziweyo.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny II isebenza kubahlali basemaphandleni. Bavunyelwa ukuba arhwebe zabo uthengise iimveliso ngenxa. Abalimi wathengisa ngayo umngcwabo, kodwa wathinteleka ekuphumezeni imisebenzi emininzi lentengiso. Iingangamsha zinokuququzela SMME, kwaye bathengise imveliso, kodwa musa abanalo ilungelo ukwakha iifektri ezixekweni. Olu udidi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze ukutyhala ubambe Abarhwebi umqhaphu kunye noshishino distillery. Baza baphumelela, ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX 74 olinene owawunalo mveliso yokuchithwa kwayo, abarhwebi kuphela ezilishumi bakhokelwa kwamashishini.

UCatherine II wavula Assignation Bank, leyo wadalwa ukuze ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo iiklasi ephezulu. iziko Financial uyasamkela iidipozithi, ukukhutshwa olwenziwe wavelisa imali accounting. Umphumo waba ngxubevange ntliziyo kunye engange Assignation yesilivere.

Utshintsho of Education, iNkcubeko neSayensi

Iimpawu 2 imigaqo-Catherine kwezi ndawo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Egameni katitshala uKumkanikazi II Betskoi iba "Jikelele Iziko ukuba imfundo kubantu abatsha amadoda namabhinqa." Society of Ladies Noble zavuleka ngenxa yayo (Smolny Institute), kwikholeji yorhwebo kunye nesikolo kwi-Academy of Arts. Ngowe-1782, iKomishoni nokusekwa kwezikolo yamiselwa utshintsho yesikolo. isicwangciso wakhe siqulunqwe FI ngutitshala Austria Jankovic. Iikhosi zokulungisa izinto umzi wonke ukuvula izikolo zikarhulumente - ezinkulu nezincinane. Amaziko egcinwa yi ngurhulumente. College Medical, iSikolo Mining kunye nezinye izikolo avulwa phantsi uCatherine II.
2. Ngempumelelo yangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny kwiminyaka emi-2 ka-1762-1796 eyakhokelela kuphuhliso yenzululwazi. Ngowe-1765, kwakukho lombutho Free Economic Society, apho eyenzelwe ukwandisa ulwazi yejografi eli lizwe. Kweli thuba ukususela 1768 ukuya 1774, izazinzulu of the Academy of Sciences inxaxheba kuloo matutu ezintlanu. Ngamaphulo ezo kwandisa ulwazi kuphela geography kodwa eziphilayo kunye nezinye nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Kule 80, Russian Academy yayakhelwe isifundo lolwimi kunye noncwadi. Ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine II, iincwadi ezininzi zapapashwa ngaphezu kuzo zonke lwekhulu XVIII. E St. Petersburg, wayivula kuqala kwi-Public Library State. azithandayo iincwadi zokufunda phantse yonke iklasi. Ngeli xesha, imfundo iye yaziswa.
3. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 angawaconganga, kwaye imbonakalo amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu. kubomi Active kwi kwizangqa eliphezulu manene namanenekazi linyanzelekile ukuba ukulandela ifashoni. Ngowe-1779, kulindixesha "isincoko ngenyanga Fashion, okanye Library ladies yangasese" kwapapashwa imizekelo iimpahla ezintsha. Umthetho 1782 yayalela nabanumzana banxibe izinxibo ukutshatisa imibala Umfuziselo phondo. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, kule ukuze ukongeza kwiimfuno - iyunifomu ethile uhlobo.

angaphandle

UCatherine II wakhumbula ekuphuculeni ubudlelane kunye namanye amazwe. UKumkanikazi iphumelele ezi ziphumo zilandelayo:

1. Ngenxa ukulawula yommandla Kuban, eCrimea, amaphondo Lithuanian, entshona eRashiya, i Duchy yemida Courland karhulumente eyandisiweyo kakhulu.

2. imbali kaGeorge yasayinwa, ekwabonisa indima Protectorate Russian phezu Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti).

3. Kwakukho imfazwe nkwetlembetano nendawo Sweden. Kodwa emva kokuba ngokutyikitya uxolo imida isivumelwano azitshintshanga.

4. Uphuhliso Alaska kunye Aleutian Islands.

5. Ngenxa yemfazwe Russian-Turkish yahlulwa yinxalenye yommandla Poland phakathi Austria, Prussia naseRashiya.

6. Le projekthi Greek. Injongo yale mfundiso ekubuyiselweni yoBukhosi baseByzantium, ezisembindini eConstantinople. Njengoko wayezelwe intloko karhulumente kwakufuneka ukuba umzukulwana uCatherine II, Prince Constantine.

7. Ekupheleni 80 aqalisa imfazwe Russian-Turkish kunye nomzabalazo eSweden. Eboshwe 1792 Iasi uxolo lifumene Impembelelo Russian yoMbuso eCaucasus kunye Bessarabia, yaye yaqinisekisa nokudliwa eCrimea.

Catherine 2. Iziphumo-nkqubo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya

Great Russian uKumkanikazi washiya uphawu abayibo- kwimbali Russia. Emva belubhukuqa etroneni yendoda yakhe, wayemhlonipha inani lemisitho, uninzi lwazo ngcono kakhulu ubomi babantu. UPawulos iziphumo kwezopolitiko ngaphakathi Catherine 2, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe imeko ethile yezikhulu kwaye osithandayo enkundleni. UKumkanikazi inkxaso ngamandla kolu hlobo kwaye uvale nabo babathandayo.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, ngokufutshane ukuchaza ukuba ngaba le miba iphambili ilandelayo. Ngenxa izenzo awalithabathayo uKumkanikazi, ummandla ubukhosi Russian landa kakhulu. Inani labemi kweli lizwe ukuze bafumane imfundo. Kubonakele isikolo abalimi. imibuzo malunga ulawulo izithili kunye namaphondo ziye zisonjululwe. UKumkanikazi wanceda eRashiya waba ngomnye ithi enkulu yaseYurophu.