Kutheni ebizwa eChernobyl eChernobyl? History of Chernobyl

Mhlawumbi namhlanje akukho mntu kwakungayi kuba uqhelene enye yeendawo ezininzi idumileyo ehlabathini - eChernobyl. Ulwazi malunga Chernobyl namhlanje inokufumaneka nje kuphela iincwadi kodwa izibonelelo ezininzi online. Eli gama kuqala ezinxulumene ne kuqhuma le mveliso wenyukliya yasekuhlaleni. Le ntlekele e eChernobyl kwenzeka ngo-Aprili 26 1986 ngonyaka, isixeko immortalized. Ibali lakhe ngenene mandulo kakhulu ngakumbi.

Apho igama

Okokuqala kufuneka uqonde isizathu sokuba iChernobyl ebizwa eChernobyl. Xa Kananjalo ngubani na okunike eli isixeko igama? Kukholelwa ukuba igama lu dityanisiwe mugwort, okanye umhlonyane, eyaziwa kuthi. Eyona nto kukuba esi sityalo kuxhaphakile kakhulu emaphandleni, apho waseka isixeko. Umhlonyane ikhula apha ngokoqobo amasimi yonke. Kukho ezinye iinguqulelo kutheni eChernobyl ebizwa eChernobyl. Le ngozi isityalo samandla senyukliya 1986 yaba unobangela ntsomi eyimfihlakalo neembono. Esi siprofeto samandulo. "Ibali Black lokwenyaniso" - indibaniselwano intwasahlobo mfiliba ziinkathazo.

Imbali yamandulo komzi

Nini yaye phi okokuqala okhankanywe igama "eChernobyl"? Imbali umzi luqala kukhankanywa kwi Chronicle, yomhla we kunyaka 1193. Siqala ngoku kukho ezininzi ibali ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Chernobyl. Oku kubhekiselele yayinokuthanani Prince of Kiev, ngubani nakuzingela kummandla dolophu. kuthethwa Eku sunguleni ka lali apho.

Nangona isixeko eChernobyl wayedume ngoxolo Bahlala abameli iinkolo ezahlukeneyo. Bekukho Katolika, amaYuda kunye Orthodox.

Imbali Lweminyaka of eChernobyl ugcina omnye okunika umdla. On the Pripyat River, endaweni ekudibaneni kwawo Dnieper, kwinkulungwane weshumi imikhosi emanyeneyo Lithuanian kwaye Ukrainian woyisa irhuluneli Batu Khan - Kaidanow. Voivod waya kwisithili Pripyat ukuqokelela irhafu. Emva kokuba ukuhlasela, ayifiki Kaidan wathabatha unyawo ukulwa. Okunye kwayo kwisixeko eChernobyl kunye eyingqongileyo unikelo akazange abuye.

City ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic

Le mfazwe ezoyikekayo yaba lalawo kwimbali yabantu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imfazwe iye yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-60 ezigidi. Ubomi. Ukubala inani lilonke lamaxhoba lwenziwa yi mbali unanamhla.

Angawaconganga awasemvelweni iqela Second World kunye eChernobyl, ngelo xesha ayehlasela amaNazi yayisele isixeko sene ngeziseko elungileyo kunye neembono.

AmaJamani ngenzondelelo enkulu wazama wasithimba isixeko. Elimi kuyo iChernobyl, omi phezu kwentaba. Ukongeza, ukuba lingqongwe imilambo Pripyat ndiya kwenza into eza kumzuzisa ngokwemiqathango namaqhinga okulwa amajoni yotshaba. Ukususela kule sayithi ezilawulwa ngokugqibeleleyo zonke iindlela zothutho, ukuqala emhlabeni kunye nesiphelo umlambo.

August 25, 1941 umzi wathinjwa. Bakwazi okulwa kuphela ngexesha, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-Red Army, 17 Novemba 1943. Namhlanje, inkumbulo ezo ziganeko ezibuhlungu wadala Uzuko Park ukuya iimpawu kwasekwa apho isikhumbuzo ezikhumbuzo abemi enesibindi Chernobyl.

nxi kwempi

Esi sixeko ingqalelo into ngobuchule kakhulu, ngoko imikhosi ezinkulu bathunyelwa ngokululama kwayo. Xa umcimbi lamashishini ukubuya eziphambili abasuswe ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, isakha izindlu, izinto ezibalulekileyo zentlalo: eziguqulweyo, izikolo, izibhedlele. Isixeko wathumela ungxamile, ukuya emkhosini kunye neentsapho zawo ngomsebenzi kunye yokuhlala isigxina. kwiminyaka nje embalwa kamva eChernobyl kwakhona yaba isixeko esinempumelelo.

NPP Construction

Xa becwangcisa ulwakhiwo izityalo zamandla enyukliya siye sahlolisisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka e Kiev, Vinnitsa kunye nemimandla Zhitomir. Kodwa kwisityalo sakhetha kule ndawo. Ngaba impendulo yombuzo "kutheni eChernobyl ekuthiwa eChernobyl"? Kunjalo baprofete? Kodwa yonke into prosaic kakhulu ngakumbi. Ukhetho wawa phezu eChernobyl, njengoko emhlabeni kwisayithi elizayo isikhululo yaba phantse ebengazali. Ngaphezu koko, enesiqulatho esiphezulu ngodongwe emhlabeni kuvunyelwa ukuba ukwakha kwisakhiwo esikhulu-isikali njengoko isikhululo samandla senyukliya. Village waba izibonelelo eziyimfuneko ukuze ubonelelo lwamanzi, elizifezekisayo zonke iimfuno ncoko zothutho, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukunika ummandla wokhuseleko sanitary.

Meyi 1970 - waqala ukwakhiwa wamazwi. izixhobo zokwakha baqala imba emhadini isiseko sekamva kweyunithi yokuqala, ukwakhiwa eyagqitywa ngo-1977. Ngelo xesha ke kukhuthazwa ukuba isebenze. Emva koko, phakathi 1978 no-1983, sele zigqityiwe kwaye ufake ukusebenza iibloko eseleyo, kuquka iyunithi amandla wesine zodumo.

Ngendlela, ukuba ukukhankanya ukuba efanayo 1970, abameli beqela aqhutyelwe isikhonkwane kwisiza sesikhululo elizayo yisathelayithi, isixeko Pripyat. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa dolophu lwaqhutywa ngaxeshanye kunye nomsebenzi kwisikhululo.

A usuku

Chernobyl, 26 Apreli 1986. Kubahlali baloo mzi, kwaba nje olunye usuku. Ngokuhlwa, xa NPP wayephuma kwishifti olandelayo umsebenzi kwaye kuza omnye, isikhululo ikwimo yesiqhelo esisetyenziswa ngayo.

Abasebenzi enxibe iiovaroli, wathabatha iindawo zabo ulawulo. Ngale mini, kwi iyunithi amandla wesine zacwangciswa reactor injini test "ukugudla". Eyona nto yaba ukuvavanya, kangangexesha elithile emva likaxakeka okanye intlekele ukuba esi sikhululo siza kukwazi ukucima umbane ukugcina imisebenzi yabo ngenxa njengokujikeleza intsalela the samanzi generator. izilingo kweliso injineli station abaziintloko AS Nezinqolamthi.

Le kuqhuma Chernobyl

Kuthe nje kuvele ixesha, kwaye onke amalungiselelo ayimfuneko sele zigqityiwe, waqalisa uvavanyo. Emva koko saqala kwenzeka iziganeko ezabangela ukuba sisihelegu esibi. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, amandla reactor laya kutsho kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu - megawatts 500, ngoxa ummiselo emiselweyo amandla zovavanyo ukusuka megawatts 700 ukuya 1000. Le mpazamo yesibini ukushiya iintonga grafayithi encinane kakhulu, ezisetyenziswa ukulawula indlela. Ngelo xesha dubulo kwi core kwakukho amane kuphela, nto leyo eyabangela nobushushu ye-reactor kunye dubulo yayo. uphando olwenziwa emva kwiminyaka emininzi iye yaseka uyilo engafanelekanga kwizinti absorber.

It yaphawula iingongoma ezimbalwa ethile, leyo kunye kungaba isizathu ukuba kukho ingozi e Chernobyl. Ngoku abantu abaninzi zibhekisela kulo dubulo lwe-atom, kodwa ke akunjalo. Kuqhuma ubushushu, ngamandla ukuba ukhuseleko reactor (vesivshaya kakhulu njengoko 500 iitoni), ngokungathi isiciko iketile, yabhabha emoyeni bawa umva.

Le kuqhuma eChernobyl nje ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Luvalo, urhulumente kudala sifihla Ubukhulu yokwenene yale ngozi. Kuphela ke, xa baqalisa ukufumana imiyalezo evela kwamanye amazwe malunga ukwanda elibukhali kwi imitha ngasemva, inkokheli eSoviet kwafuneka ukwamkela into yokuba kukho ntlekele lizukileyo eChernobyl, lingana leyo lalingekafiki ehlabathini.

Le liquidators le ngozi eChernobyl

Ngenxa dubulo nangoko wabulala abasebenzi 2 eChernobyl, elinye 31 igosa wafa kwisithuba seeveki ekuguleni kwimitha. Kubo bonke abaqeshwa ngexesha yengozi kwisikhululo, abantu 6 kuphela abasindayo.

Ngoko nangoko imeko dubulo kwafika-mlilo, owabonisa ubuqhawe oyinyaniso, inkalipho obungummangaliso. eziyaziyo le sisesichengeni sokufa, bema ludonga lomlilo olumenyezelayo radioactive ukucima umlilo, nangona burns ezininzi kunye nemeko zisiba yempilo. Enyanisweni, baba amakhaka abantu ngendlela eyingozi. abacimi amathandathu tushivshih ilangatye radioactive, wafa kane kunye isifo radiation etsolo kwisithuba kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kwengozi.

Pilot-ntaka emoyeni aphoswe lowo doti isanti kunye boron khabhayithi, ukucima iintsalela ye-reactor kwaye ungabunikeliyo umlilo kwakhona.

Oosonzululwazi, eqonda ukuba umngcipheko eninzi, kwenziwe uhlolo eziyimfuneko kunye nemilinganiselo ngqo kwi ntlekele wenyukliya ukuya liquidators kufuneka yedatha ekuqhutyeni yokubulala.

ukuba ngokutsha Xa amaqhosha fonyaschih iirobhothi ezisetyenziswa undoqo, banalo isixa esikhulu radiation kutshiswa nje yonke engenelela. Ke kwakufuneka ukuba asebenze amajoni juba doti ekuweni undoqo, esebenzisa amalele zesiqhelo.

Oogqirha, amapolisa, amajoni, abasebenzi, mgodini, abaqhubi, abaphandi - impahla iyonke wawuzinyaswe ezingaphezu kwama-600 amawaka abantu kangangeminyaka eliqela. Ntlekele e eChernobyl, kungabandakanywa abasebenzi karhulumente, iye itsale ngaphezu kwesigidi ntliziyo wancedisa xa imisebenzi ukuze kulungiswe imiphumo ebuhlungu yale ngozi. Abantu usule ehlathini kunye nemithi eyonakele utshiswe, walahla izigcayiseli radioactive, yawunyakamisa kwindawo engqongileyo ukuze kuncitshiswe inqanaba yemisebe, wancedisa ngobungxamo kwabaviwa, zoncedo lokuqala.

emva kwengozi,

imithombo esemthethweni bathula malunga isikali yokwenene iChernobyl yentlekele kunye neziphumo real ebuhlungu. Ngosuku olulandelayo, isixeko waphila ubomi yayo yesiqhelo. Yondla baloo dolophu indulumbane ngayo kwimarike, abafundi baya esikolweni, umntu waya kwikhefu emahlathini okanye phezu komlambo, abaninzi ekhohlo ukuba zidacha. A sokudla, iivenkile, cinema, Wedding Palace. Le ngozi, Kakade, ayikwazanga kunivuza ngabemi abaqhelekileyo, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu baqonde isikali lokwenyaniso zivavanywe nemiphumo kunokwenzeka ebuhlungu yale dubulo. Abo akuqonda nangoko kunye nentsapho yakhe baphuma esixekweni. Uninzi sele waziva ixhala kuphela xa sixeko saba ukuya ukunkcenkceshela zabahambi ngamanzi ukunciphisa yangasemva radiation.

Kuphela ngosuku olulandelayo kwabhengezwa ukuba kukho imfuno engxamisekileyo ukushiya umzi eyosulelekileyo. Emva koko, mhlawumbi, abaninzi kanye iingcinga, kutheni eChernobyl ... eChernobyl ogama ngaphezulu kwama-500 amawaka abemi besixeko zathathwa ngomhla 1000 iibhasi. USSR akazange ukukhumbula nkqu ngobungxamo abangaka lilodwa.

Pripyat idolophu yabantu abamalunga namawaka-70. Man idinga e mbandela iiyure. Ngaxeshanye, kwakukho ngobungxamo zemizana, ezinye ezo kamva wabatshabalalisa, intsalela yabo kungcwatywa, ukuba ukusasaza imitha. Ekuqaleni, ukuze uphephe yokothuka, exelela abantu ukuba bahambe ngexesha, nangona izazinzulu kunye nabezomkhosi waqonda ukuba apha kwakhona endingayi kubuya ngawo.

okungayi

Ekwindla, Chernobyl ngo-1986. Emva kokuba lowo doti isusiwe, kunye nakwiindawo ezikufutshane kuye iintsholongwane kangangoko kunokwenzeka, umsebenzi waqalisa phezu object "Shelter", eyaziwa ngokuba yi "sarcophagus". Ngayo kamva waphumelela lokuvala yingozi ngokwemiqathango radiation reactor №4 nobutyobo. Umsebenzi ekuqiniseni kwamaziko likaxakeka kunye nemisebenzi yokubulala yenziwa kule mini.

Ngomhla kummandla izazinzulu eChernobyl kuza bevela kulo lonke ihlabathi ukuze bafunde imiphumo amathamo ezibalulekileyo radiation kwi eziphilayo, ukuphuhlisa iindlela ukwenzela ukuphelisa imiphumo ibhombu yenyukliya.

Ehlabathini kwisitishi, kwasekwa indawo ekhethekileyo ukuba wonke umntu namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba okungayi. Xa iyonke ke uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu: lokuqala - isikhululo ngqo isixeko Pripyat, le yesibini zifakiwe zonke iilali, kwaye umsesane yokugqibela iqhutyelwa kwisixeko kummandla eChernobyl.

Nemiphumela emibi iChernobyl dubulo

Ubunzima ngabo bonke abathathi nxaxheba ukutshona yengozi eChernobyl. Amashumi amawaka abantu ngenxa ixesha abaye bafa ukususela amathamo ngokugqithiseleyo imitha, abaninzi abakhubazekileyo. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, amanani wakubona okwanda yokufa ngumhlaza, buthathaka jikelele impilo yesizwe. Le izinga lokusweleka eliphezulu libangwa, kuqala kwiinto zonke, baphume kade kwabahlali, yokungakhathali mthetho kunye connivance kwicala amagosa, umnqweno umlomo kuzimela inyaniso.

Namhlanje, Chernobyl - into ukhenketho kakhulu

Indlela yokuphila namhlanje EChernobyl? Iifoto ukuqinisekisa ukuba le - ndawo engaphili ndililolo. Kakade ke, kumakhaya ishiywe ngoku umiwe ngabantu abasebenza kwindawo exclusion. Nantsi enye yezi ofisi MoE.

umbutho umsebenzi "eChernobyl - uhambo" abakhenkethi kakhulu. Apha ungenza ukubhukisha usuku okanye iintsuku ezimbalwa uhambo oluya kummandla exclusion. Apho ungathatha incwadana ethi "eChernobyl. Imbali umzi ", nto leyo ichaza ngokufutshane elidlulileyo langoku yeendawo zokuhlala.

Abasebenzisi ungabona amehlo abo kuloo ndawo apho kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, waphula omnye kule ntlekele inkulu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, hayi nje kuphela, kodwa imbali lonke Russia. Kukho sifakelwe sculpture abekelwe zobuqhawe balwa nokulenya kwi-mlilo reactor. Phakathi komzi isebenza iSt Elias Church, apho ngonyaka ngamnye kwi-Epreli 26 ukuya inkonzo enkulu-isikali kwimemori onke amaxhoba ingozi eChernobyl.

Abakhenkethi ukuhamba yonke iChernobyl, iifoto bavumelekile ukuba benze ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Kuba umntu lo hambo - nje ulwaneliseko ukwazi, ngokuba umntu - i imbeko balombutho kunye nobungqina nendlela emibi kunokuba 'zoxolo "atom.