Uthixo amanzi eMesopotamiya. Ngoothixo kweMilambo Ancient

Amanzi - ubomi. Nale ngxelo nzima tu. Ukuba siyamkele, kuba siyazi ukuba kukho amanzi indima ebalulekileyo nendima eyidlalayo ebomini bomntu. Ngaphandle ukutya abantu baphile ngaphezu kwenyanga, yaye akukho engamanzi akayi kuphila iiyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine. Sasisazi ngayo kunye nabantu bamandulo kuMbindi Mpuma, ngoku ebizwa eMesopotamiya. Bona babe ihlelo lonqulo woothixo, owathi, enyanisweni, usisimntwiso amandla endalo. Phakathi kwabo enye lenze wayenguthixo izithuba yamanzi Kuyile. Abaninzi kuthi bayazi apho eMesopotamiya, kodwa bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo oko ababehlala kulo senkcubeko yoluntu yamandulo. Kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo umbuzo, kutheni Asipheleli omnye kuphela inxalenye encinane kuyo. Khawusixelele ngalokho okwenza kanye uthixo amanzi eMesopotamiya kutheni abantu waqubuda kuye, yaye oko kubingelelwe. Eyona nto intle ngayo uya kusityela iintsomi zamandulo bamaSumeri.

A amagama ambalwa malunga eMesopotamiya yamandulo ezimangalisayo

Kubonakala ngathi imephu kweMilambo, thina bakhumbule izifundo zembali, ezenzeka esikolweni samabanga aphakamileyo. Maxa wambi, le ndawo phakathi kwe iTigris nomEfrate kuMbindi Mpuma, ibekwe karhulumente enkulu ezine: waseAkkad, iAsiriya, yiSumere, eBhabheli. Le yimpucuko kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, wababiza aram. Maxa wambi kukho imizi emikhulu kunye nenkcubeko efana kunye namasiko. Phakathi kwabo eBhabheli, Uruk, noKishe, Akshak, eLarsa, Lagash. Kithi imithombo ezibhaliweyo malunga iziganeko baloo maxesha ezikude, ibhalwe kumacwecwe odongwe. Abembi bezinto zakudala kunye namhlanje kuloo ndawo baza bafumana ubungqina bokuba le mpucuko kude kunye yamandulo.

Religion eMesopotamiya

In eMesopotamiya kudala zikho eyahlukileyo isixeko-ithi, iyileyo waba inkqubo yayo yezopolitiko. Kuzo zonke zokuhlala ezinjalo wayekho babezinikele uthixo umxhasi yasekuhlaleni. Kumbindi wesixeko ukwakha itempile njengentlonipho yokumbulela. Yonke kubomi yayigxile kwikhaya engcwele isithixo. Thetha malunga naluphi na unqulo olunye abantu kweMilambo yamandulo ayikho imfuneko yoko, kodwa kunye ukuvela kwiziseko ezinkulu karhulumente kwi kwintsimi meko itshintshe. Imephu kweMilambo yamandulo, itshintshiwe, kunye nayo yokuguqula ubomi. Xa sithetha ngonqulo, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba kule meko lenzeka kela elinye loothixo, leyo, Noko ke, abazange sizinzile.

Okokuqala, wesuka imfundo enjalo ukusuka Sumerians. Le yonk 'into ekuthiwa bangoothixo umyalelo wokuqala Anu (uthixo isibhakabhaka), Kuyile (uthixo amanzi) Enlil (uthixo emoyeni). Emva kwabo balandela uthotho yocwangco yesibini oothixo, baba lishumi elinababini; waza wahamba oothixo minor mathathu. Ababingeleli eMesopotamiya ababekhonza etempileni, aye avelisa inkqubo entsokothileyo ukuze yehlabathi. amalungiselelo alo kubonakala kwiintsomi ezininzi. Ngoko ukuba yasinda tale ngendlela eyahlukileyo izulu nomhlaba njengendoda wadala uthixo amanzi kunye nangaphezulu. In eMesopotamiya kwakukho amasiko ezizodwa, apho kamva waba nempembelelo enkulu inkcubeko yehlabathi.

Culture kweMilambo Ancient

Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba eMesopotamiya yenye lamaziko zindala lwempucuko emhlabeni. Ngaxa lithile kwakukho malunga ne-10% yabemi iplanethi yethu. Naye inkcubeko Aram phakathi kweMilambo? Zeziphi izinto esiyifumeneyo abantu kula mazwe? Oku kulapho kukho khona okokuqala kwimbali inkqubo uluntu bokubhala - ngoonobumba. Abemi kweMilambo yamandulo wabhala ezintofontofo udongwe stick umoba etsolo. Okokuqala kukho amanani, elibonisa ilizwi, yaye ke kwakukho iimpawu. inkcubeko eMesopotamiya abazizityebi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba, umzekelo, i-Sumerians sele ngelo xesha yaba ulwazi oluthile yemathematika kunye neenkwenkwezi. Baba ababhali kwikhalenda yamandulo, ikhathalogu ithala leencwadi, Lokwenziwa. Enye iminikelo kakhulu exabisekileyo inkcubeko yehlabathi - amaqhawe yaseSamariya "Epic kaGilgamesh". Abemi kweMilambo yamandulo washiya ngasemva inani yeentsomi malunga ubomi woothixo nabantu. Ezi iintsomi zamandulo zisixelela indlela yokusebenzisa amandla endalo ukusuka kwindawo umbono yabemi waseMesopotamiya. Ngoothixo eMesopotamiya yaMandulo - isimntwiso eziqalelo emhlabeni kunye namanzi, hayi bawuthobele mntu.

Uk - uthixo amanzi ekwelaseMesopotami

Njani ezotywe abemi umlawuli yamandulo eMesopotamiya lwemizimba amanzi? Ngokwembono yabo, yaba indoda endala kunye iindevu kunye nomsila iintlanzi. Esandleni sakhe isibane. Abalobi offshore iziqithi ingakumbi iziqu. Ngexesha bemba nkulunkulu izibingelelo amathambo ezininzi iintlanzi wafunyanwa. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ngoko abantu bazama lokungxengxeza inkosi yolwandle. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba kakuhle kuye. Kwiintsomi yaseSamariya ivela ngumdali babantu, oothixo, yaye ihlabathi. Uk - olumkileyo, ngamanye amaxesha wengcibi yokuluka, uhlobo kakhulu. Ezi mpawu ziye kuvinjwa ezininzi zoothixo waseMesopotamiya. Dwelisa kubo ezinikwe apha ngentla. bavame nje, umzekelo, uthixo umoya Enlil, baba nobutshaba ebantwini. Uk kuphela mntu wadala zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, wafundisa abantu ukuba batyale imiyezo, ukuba ingqolowa izityalo, neflakisi, ukuqokelela imifuno zamachiza. Yena kudla uvezwa irhengqa, ngamakhuba okanye izembe. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba le ethile uthixo nomkhuseli yesixeko yaseSamariya ka Eridu. Kwakukho indlu eziphambili Kuyile, ekuthiwa E-Abzu.

Xa sikhumbula imbali, sinako ukubona ukuba abantu abaninzi bakholwa oothixo bazo kuzo yamanzi acocekileyo kunye zaselwandle. Ngokomzekelo, uthixo yamaGrike yamandulo amanzi Poseidon, ngokutsho zeemposiso yamaGrike amandulo, omnye koothixo ezintathu eziphambili Olimpiki, kunye kuZeyus Hayidesi. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo Kuyile, waba nephuku, umsindo kunye ngumsindo. UThixo Sumerians amanzi nobubele kwabanye kubathengi kunye nabantu uyaxolela.

Oothixo kweMilambo yamandulo

Anu - uthixo ephakamileyo zezulu, uyalawula ezulwini yaye uza phantsi emhlabeni, kuba ngomnye wabaxhasi ongulo ezintathu eziyintloko kweMilambo yamandulo, kunye Enlil kunye Kuyile. Ukongeza, loo nto ithathwa njengomfuziselo onamandla ephakamileyo. Ngokutsho intsomi yamandulo bamaSumeri, oothixo-Aram phakathi kwemiLambo kanye isigqibo ukufumana Ana ukwabelana ngamandla alo. Ukuphendula, wadala iidemon zasixhenxe ububi waza wathumela phantsi ebumnyameni wenyanga-uthixo, kunye result ukuba umzimba yasezulwini yathinjwa kwaye wakhululwa kuphela songenelelo onamandla onke olungileyo Kuyile.

Adad - uthixo iindudumo, imibane kunye nomoya, limele amandla endalo, unako yomibini atshabalalise (nesichotho, izikhukula kunye njalo njalo), kunye ndibuye ndiphilise (imvula).

UAshur - elingabalamli, uyise Anu ka-- baboniswa isaphetha ezandleni zakhe embindini ukusitha ilanga unyulu.

UBhahali - uthixo iinkqwithela, iindudumo, imibane kunye nemvula, kuba indalo odlisa ubomi. Ever afe (imbalela, babebona, indlala) kwaye ayanyuka (ukuchuma komhlaba, uhlobo lokudubula).

Zeroana - uthixo ixesha nokwenzeka. Ngokutsho iintsomi zamandulo, yinto yokuba androgynous. Ichaza ixesha ongapheliyo.

UMerodaki - nyana uthixo Kuyile amanzi. imithombo ezibhaliweyo kweMilambo yamandulo, ingxelo ukuba nako ukumphilisa yaye esazi imilingo. Loo uMerodaki usebenzisa wit yakhe wawoyisa Tiamat, nto leyo wabangela imfazwe uyise Kuyile wambulala Apsu. Ingakumbi amoyika yaseBhabhiloni Marduk. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba likhusela isixeko. amalungu omzimba kaThixo kuthelekiswa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Yathi izibilini zakhe - ingonyama, yomqolo - nomgalagala ndawonye, iminwe - nekalamo, yaba lukakayi - zesilivere, kunye nembewu yamlala - igolide. Marduk wabunikela yiholide okhethekileyo - Tsakmuku.

Mitra - uthixo ubuhlobo kunye nezivumelwano, umthetheleli yenyaniso nobulungisa. Yonke imihla, wathi ngqee esibhakabhakeni inqwelo kwelanga. Ingakumbi inkxaso mitra ke kwabo imbeko kuye. Wabanika uloyiso phezu kweentshaba zabo nobulumko. Mitra Ngokuqhelekileyo kuboniswe nesibindi njengegorha itotshi abaxhobileyo kunye ngemela. Le mizobo bakumangcwaba yamandulo yabantu amanene sixelele indlela uThixo inkunzi iphumelele ubuhlobo, ambulala. kwakukho zonke iintaka, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo nomzimba isilwanyana.

Isono - uthixo zezulu, kwaye ngumlawuli iNyanga. Nkulunkulu ngokuqhelekileyo uchazwa indoda endala kunye ende, ehleli iphenyane. Qho ebusuku esikhepheni xa elimile Crescent, ehamba nesibhakabhaka esimnyama. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba isono ibulala emnyama amayelenqe abaqhekezi, nakwigazi ebusuku ngezenzo zabo ezimdaka.

Teshub - uthixo kweendudumo. Yena wayesoyikwa lonke Asia Minor. Teshub enu elineentshebe kunye iklabhu ezandleni zakhe. abalinganiswa bakhe - izembe kunye umbane. Kumazwe kweMilambo yamandulo, kwakukho intsomi ukuba Kuyile elumkileyo ngokungenaloyiko wanceda Teshub ezoyikekayo lahluleka omkhulu ndiyingwenya ullikummi diorite wadala. UThixo wahlula amanzi wabona izulu nomhlaba, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni buthathaka bakaRafa. Ngenxa yoko, eli rhamncwa lamoyisa.

Utu-nguShamash. Kwiintsomi isiAkkadia - nguShamash, xa kwiintsomi yaseSamariya, siyafana Utu. Guardian yenyaniso nobulungisa, uthixo ilanga. Uvezwa ray phezu kwentloko ngemela irhengqa emile esandleni sakhe. Yonke imihla wahamba esibhakabhakeni, yaye kuhlwe wehlela kwelabafileyo, unika abafileyo ukukhanya.

Elohim - uyise woothixo nabantu bonke, umdali wendalo iphela. Ngokutsho kwiintsomi, wahlala embindini iphela, i "umthombo zombini elwandle." I Sumerians amandulo iyiyo ukuba indoda endala kunye iindevu nobubele namehlo amakhulu, ngeengubo ezinde kunye tiara nombala, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ekwimo yenkomo.

Enlil - unyana ka Anu - uthixo umoya kunye nomoya. Ndandicinga ukuba nabagxeki ebantwini, ithumela kubo ngendyikitya yokufa nangendlala, imbalela kunye namanzi izikhukula ukutshabalalisa izityalo. Uye kuthelekiswa umoya egqumayo nenkunzi okungalawulekilyo yasendle.

Kela kweMilambo yamandulo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kukho oothixo abaninzi ezahlukeneyo kwilizwe lamandulo waseMesopotamiya. Ngamnye kubo yayo isithi 'msebenzi. " Ngokwemiqathango ngokubaluleka, baye babekwa ngendlela ilandelayo:

1. Uk - uthixo amanzi, anum - inkosi ephakamileyo zezulu, Enlil - umxhasi zezulu kunye nomoya.
2. NguShamash - uthixo kwelanga. Yena baboniswa indoda endala kunye unkontsho eliphezulu.
3. Isono. UThixo nenyanga - indoda endala kunye intshebe ende yesilivere, iwela esibhakabhakeni iphenyane segolide ebusuku.
4. OoNergale - uthixo wase kwelabafileyo, ithumela abantu kwizifo ezibulalayo, uthumela imfazwe wamagazi.
5. Nabu - uthixo ubulumko, abakhusela lwababhali kunye zokubhala. Ngokutsho Kwiintsomi yaseSamariya, oko umzukulwana ka Kuyile.
6. UMerodaki - unyana Kuyile, umKhuseli wesixeko waseBhabhiloni.
7. UIshtar - isithixokazi uthando kunye wenzala, ingxabano imfazwe. Ngaba patroness of courtesans kunye namabhinqa zifumaneka lula.
8. Ninurta - uthixo imfazwe, sonwabe, abakhusela ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nezolimo.

Eyona indlu Kuyile

Njengoko ngaphambili wakhangela imaphu eMesopotamiya, siyazi evela kwimithombo yembali ukuba bahlile beza imihla yethu. amacwecwe odongwe eyafunyanwa bemba eminye imizi emikhulu bamaSumeri, Unokuwothula ukukhanya kwi elidlulileyo zikude ezizwana omiweyo lo kanye eMesopotamiya. Ukusuka kwezi mithombo siyazi ukuba abemi imizi zidla eyakhelwe iitempile ukuba imbeko oothixo bazo. Kwaye bayenza loo nto ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Okokuqala, ukwakha itempile esixekweni bema isiqwenga ekhethekileyo somhlaba. Okwesibini, elingcwele zakhiwe iiengile ngokuhambelana ngqongqo umoya wavuka. imilo Sanctuary yematshisi nomntu nelungiselelwe iincam. Le tempile yayigqalwa indawo yokuhlala kaThixo. Kwisixeko samandulo bamaSumeri of Eridu yokuba isakhiwo, sithwele igama E-Abzu, nto leyo yathetha "elwandle amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba acocekileyo." It ngukumkani Kuyile - uthixo ezininzi abahlali iziqu kule lali. Le engcwele ivame imibingelelo. Ngexesha kumbiwa mzi, kuloo ndawo apho kwakukho itempile, obuninzi amathambo zeentlanzi kwafunyanwa. Bebingelela intlanzi, abahlali bazama ukungxengxeza umxhasi wakhe Kuyile, umcele ukuba uncedo kunye noncedo kwishishini.

I intsomi imvelaphi koothixo

Njani Kuyile? wenza njani abanye oothixo - inkosi yelo izulu, nomhlaba kunye kwelabafileyo? iintsomi bamaSumeri, ukudalwa ebalwayo kuphakathi kwi-BC ngenkulungwane yesine, uchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Kwafika Ihlabathi koothixo ngaphandle isiphithiphithi. Ekuqaleni, inkosi yelo komhlaba amanzi Apsu kunye Tiamat abakhusela kwiilwandle zehlabathi Washumayela kunye isiphumo bekukho ukuba kubekho isithixo yokuqala, nto leyo ebonisa eyindoda (Lahmu) kunye nemazi (Lahamu) ukuqala. I Sumerians sisidalwa ngohlobo of izilo enkulu ndimbi. Lahmu Lahamu kunye, bona, wanika ukunyuka emhlabeni uthixokazi uthixo Anshar Kishar eZulwini. Ezi zidalwa ziye ifomu yabantu. Bona ke abantwana abaninzi kunye nabazukulwana, phakathi kwabo kwakukho inkosi Enlil emoyeni, isibhakabhaka umnini Anu kunye Kuyile (Enki) - uthixo amanzi. In eMesopotamiya ngakumbi kakhulu yokugqibela. Ngapha koko, oko kwakuxhomekeke ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nemfuyo nempilo.

Kodwa emva ibali lethu malunga nemvelaphi woothixo. inzala Kungekudala zininzi kangaka udiniwe Apsu izikhalazo zabo kuthukwa, ukuba wagqiba ukubabulala bonke. Tiamat ukulumkisa abantwana babo malunga isongela. UThixo Kuyile amanzi, edume ngobuqhokolo bayo nobuchule, waba ngumsindisi koothixo bonke. Wayifunda phezu Apsu kupela, apho utatomkhulu wafikelwa bubuthongo obukhulu. ngoko Enki wamkhonkxa ngamatyathanga wambulala. Kwisayithi loThixo amanzi Apsu wakha itempile. Wazimanya uthixokazi Damkina. Ngenxa yale manyano, esi sibini wazala unyana, Marduk, owathi kamva waba saint umxhasi imizi izityebi kweMilambo - waseBhabheli.

Le Intsomi yokudalwa komntu

Uthixo yamandulo amanzi Kuyile ziintsomi bamaSumeri, kuqwalaselwa kuphela umdali enye kubathengi, kodwa abantu. Apha wakuxela abemi beli lizwe kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo eMesopotamiya.

Uk phakathi koothixo ubulumko ezizodwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuqili. Ngaphezu kwaoko Nkosi yezulu nomhlaba babuyela kuye uncedo, njengoko zinamandla, ngobulungisa kwaye nasendleleni phakathi kwabo. Xa oothixo Kuyile bakhalaza ukuba akukho bakhonzi, akukho namnye ukuze babakhonze, akukho mntu ufake iwayini. Enki Wise, ukuthobela isicelo loogxa, wathabatha udongwe ethambileyo lomthombo ezaliswe ngamanzi esimnandi, waza wayakha ibe umntu. Kodwa kwathi ke akunjalo kanye, kodwa kuphela ukuzama wesixhenxe. indoda Created ndandibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye neprisposoblen ebomini. Xa kuthelekiswa noothixo, wangenwa yingevane kunye namandla. Mhlawumbi imvakalelo efanayo ibuthathaka kunye nabemi eMesopotamiya yamandulo phambi kokuba imikhosi bayingozi kwaye bazilindele indalo. Oothixo kweMilambo - isimntwiso element okungalawulekilyo eyayiza kubhangisa kokubini, kwaye namandla ebomini.

Iphupho ngoNogumbe

amabali afanayo afumaneka kwiinkonzo eentlanga ezininzi. Kodwa abemi kweMilambo, iphupho uNogumbe zinentsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Ukuba ngamaYiputa imilambo iNayile ezibangela intlenga otyebileyo, i xihlovo well-being nempumelelo, kuba yaseSamariya yezikhukula imilambo iTigrisi nomEfrate woko. Amanzi waphuphuma izityalo zabo, ngaloo ndlela elahla abantu ukuba afe yindlala. Kodwa ukuba senziwa intsomi emidala yamandulo bamaSumeri ezingoNogumbe.

Xa oothixo, bona babone amandla abantu abathi ngemigudu yabo geni isonka, waqalisa ukoyika inzuzo amandla abantu emhlabeni. Kwaye ngoko sagqiba ekubeni Nkosi yezulu nomhlaba, ukuba atshitshise nabakhonzi bakhe, kude kuse ephakadeni. Oothixo ukubulala bakhetha konogumbe, nto leyo ukuhlamba kude nobuso abantu bomhlaba. Kodwa elungileyo nelumkileyo Kuyile ugqiba ukonga omnye ookumkani, ukuba kamva wakwazi ukuqhubeka oonyana babantu. Ukuze benze oku, uthixo amanzi utyhila imfihlelo onogumbe ezayo Siparra ukumkani, nto leyo ilawula ukuba akhe umkhombe omkhulu. amanzi ngecebo likaThixo yaba yimpumelelo. basinda Siparra ukumkani, abasindayo kuMkhukula etyeyeni yakhiwa, yaye ekugqibeleni inzala yakhe kuhlala kweli lizwe.

Sifunde ngokuba ngubani na uthixo yamandulo bamaSumeri amanzi. E eMesopotamiya, apho wayesoyikwa umdali abantu nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, eyakhiwa ngayo iintsomi emangalisayo, uninzi lwazo lifikelele imihla yethu.