Yintoni na le caliphate: definition. umbuso wobukhosi Arab-Muslim ukusuka kudala ukuya mihla

caliphate Education Kwathi emva kokufa uMuhammad kaThixo. Ekuqaleni uluntu ngokuvota wakhetha iinkokeli yamajoni kwindawo nangoko umprofeti. Ekubeni urhulumente waqalisa ukwandisa indawo yayo. ngakumbi Cinga ukuba caliphate.

definition

Njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, inkokheli karhulumente wathabatha iinkokeli zomkhosi. Babizwa ngokuba neenkokheli. Ngenxa yoko igama karhulumente. Le yimpumelelo kakhulu kuthathwa Omar. Ngoxa ngamandla Islam kunye Arab Caliphate ayethe yaphuhliswa kwiindawo ezingqonge. Impembelelo yonqulo xa lithe phantse kulo lonke kuMbindi Mpuma. Phantse bonke abamelwane kungekudala emva kokwamkelwa abasemagunyeni UOmar wafumanisa ukuba caliphate. Ukumisela ekunene libonisa umlinganiswa yenkokheli karhulumente. Ekubeni ndifikile namandla iinkokeli zomkhosi, ngoko, oko, injongo yawo ephambili ukumbamba mmandla. Ngoko ke, xa uOmar yoyiswa eYiputa, eSiriya, nasePalestina. Ezi emhlabeni phambi ababekolo ngamaKrestu ehlabathini. Utshaba ikufutshane zikarhulumente wenza Byzantium. Noko ke, nangona amandla alo yangaphambili, naye kwafuneka afunde ukuba caliphate enjalo. Ukumiselwa kwiqhinga koyisa ukuba uOmar kwaba into enzima. Oku kwakunjalo ingakumbi waseByzantium. imfazwe Long kunye amaPersi, ungquzulwano ezininzi lwangaphakathi uthathela phantsi ngamandla alo. Oku wavumela Omar khetha iindawo ezimbalwa kwaye umkhosi yaseByzantium kuthotho amadabi.

mpumelelo Military le Caliphate

Ngandlel 'ithile, amajoni bokufa impumelelo kumaphulo zabo. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukushukumiseka yomkhosi. It yabonelelwa wamahashe kukhanya, nto leyo yaba luncedo ebalulekileyo phezu amahashe onzima kunye nomkhosi kotshaba. Ukongeza, emva kokuba kuthinjwe nemimandla Arabhu elandela imiyalelo yenkolo yabo. Balisusa kwipropati kuphela izityebi abahlaseli ezihluphekayo asichukunyiswa. Kakade ke, livelana kubo ukusuka nabantu basekuhlaleni. Arabhu zivumelekile inkululeko yonqulo kwezizwe oyiswe. Njengokuba unqulo lwabo, unyango kwaba ngayo ubukhulu becala kwezoqoqosho. Emva kokoyiswa Arabhu erhafiswa irhafu kwi labemi. Abo bathatha ukholo lwabo, ubengamele ukukhululwa na inxalenye enkulu kuyo.

Ukungaboni zokuqala yangaphakathi

Inkoliso yabantu bakulwazi bahlaseli njengoko abakhululi. abantu ndiloyisile iyonke yaba ngumbono omhle lo caliphate. Ukumiselwa zabahlaseli njengoko abakhululi yaye zilawulwe kukuba boyisa igcinwe abantu inkululeko yezopolitiko eliqela kwemiba. Le mimandla yoyiswa badalelwe zokuhlala amabutho. Arabhu wayephila ubomi esitheleyo, ekubeni clan ehlabathini yakhe solusapho. Nangona kunjalo, le miba ayizange ihlale ixesha elide kangaka. Arabhu langutana ababehlala kwizixeko afumileyo waseSiriya, Egypt kancane amukela imikhwa yezikhulu yasekuhlaleni. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba kwahlukahlukana yokuqala kuluntu lwabo. Emasikweni, kwesilisa ayikwazanga kuyinyamezela kunye nokuziphatha kwabo bagqiba ekubeni bayeke izithethe zooyise.

Ukwahlulwa ziingcungcu

sokonakalisa yokuqala caliphate Arab kwenzeka ngo-661. Ungquzulwano phakathi abaxhasi umyalelo omtsha emasikweni bazama ekuvumeleni-mthetho of Muhammad - Ali. Kodwa yonke imizamo bakhe naziqhamo. Ngenxa yoko, iqela nabavukeli traditionalist wambulala Ali. Yena indawo yi Amir Muawiyah. Ngoxa eSiriya, wayeyintloko yoluntu Arabhu. Mu'awiya nangoko kunqunyulwa amatyathanga abaxhasi traditionalism. ibhotwe umbusi badluliselwa eDamasko. Ngeli xesha elandelayo urhulumente iye kakhulu kwandiswa imida yayo.

imisebenzi Mu'awiya

Ngenkulungwane 8, urhulumente yayoyisa North Afrika. Ngo-771, ekuqaleni lohlaselo kwi kwintsimi yaseYurophu. Isibakala sokuba kweminyaka emithathu waba nako ukufaka kwikhompyutha lonke Iberia, uthi amandla babume Arab Caliphate. Empire xa Mu'awiya wafika loo amandla ezimbali yazo ingazange kwaziwa. Ukuphatha Macedon, iRoma aluzange sobubanzi kwimo Umayyads. Ngoko ukuze ukulawula indlela abaxhasi caliphate Arab lo umyalelo omtsha, ekugqibeleni baphulukana imigca ezindala kwamadoda zezizwe. Umzekelo, ngaphambili intloko yenkolo ezikhethwe lovoto. Mu'awiya waseka transfer ilifa isihloko. ibhotwe umbusi kaThixo bafumana izinto zehlabathi.

inkqubo yerhafu

Ingqokelela ezintathu ezinkulu iye yaziswa. Ekuqaleni ekuhlaleni washiya ingeniso izishumi. Ngoku lo irhafu ukuya ucaliph ezingahlawulwanga. Kwakhona, bonke abahlali ukuba ahlawule irhafu komhlaba. Ingqokelela lwesithathu yaba jizya. Ngaphambili, irhafu nganye kuphela kwi non-amaSilamsi abahlala kwintsimi. Ukuqokelelwa imikhondo amagosa amaninzi. Urhulumente ngokwayo yaba ezifanayo ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuya despotism ngexesha lamandulo.

zenkolo

Ngexesha Umayyad swi ukuyilwa bengatshatanga. Ukuze wenze oku, njengoko lwimi iye yaziswa Arabic. Indima ephambili kweli xesha wabelwa Koran. Ngeso ingqokelela amazwi umprofeti, abebalwa wokuqala kubafundi bakhe. Emva kokufa Muhammad, oko zabuya ezimbalwa ezongeziweyo, apho iincwadi Sunnah yamiselwa. Ngokwesiseko zala madoda Talmuds zooMhle bezilawula ubulungisa. Ku Qur'an, le mibuzo ibalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ubomi abantu ziye zachongwa. Le ncwadi abantu wavuma ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Njengoko kuba Sunnah, ngoko ke isimo sengqondo noluntu enkolweni ezahlukeneyo. Kwakule mbono, ngoko kwabakho omnye yokwahlukanisa eluntwini.

Abbasids

I Umayyads zigcinwe bona ngamandla iminyaka 90. Ngowe-750, Abul-Abbas, ngubani njengento isalamane okude Mohammed, babulala ucaliph yokugqibela kunye bonke iindlalifa, ezibanga intloko karhulumente. I Abbasids aba indlu Bole robust ngaphezu Umayyads. Wawuqala de 1055. Abbas ekwelaseMesopotami. Akazange afune ukugcina ubudlelwane kunye neenkosi waseSiriya ayinyusa ebhotweni ucaliph e Baghdad.

Inkqubo entsha

isakhiwo karhulumente phantsi Abbasids waba ngeendlela ezininzi ezifanayo ukuya despotism wasePersi. Xa likaCaliph yaba vizier - umfundisi kuqala. Yonke le wesizwe yahlulwe yaba ngamaphondo, ezandulelayo emirs. Negosa ngalinye wabelwa kwinkalo ethile yomsebenzi. Xa Abbasids okwanda inani kumasebe. Okokuqala, uye waba negalelo yolawulo enkulu kwelo lizwe. impembelelo eMesopotamiya wayengomnye amacandelo aphambili ezoqoqosho - ezolimo. Naphi na waqhutywa yokunkcenkceshela. Amagosa zesebe ekhethekileyo sifanele esweni ukwakhiwa kwamadama esemfuleni, ukuba iliso ubume kwinkqubo yonke.

Yintoni na impumelelo odumileyo Arabic caliphate?

Into yokuqala ethi ngayo ukwanda ngamandla umkhosi karhulumente. Umkhosi rhoqo ibe 150 lamawaka. Man. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ezo mercenaries zezizwe amaqaba. Kwakukho ucaliph kunye unogada wabucala. Warriors balungiselele kuye besebancinane. Ekupheleni bahlalise ngamandla, Abbas wafumana itayitile 'Igazi "iindlela zakhe ezinzima isetyenziswe ekubuyiseleni ucwangco zindawo oyiswe. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba kubo kwakukho nokugqama Arab Caliphate. Okokuqala, kufuneka uqaphele uphuhliso esebenzayo kwezolimo. Oku encediswa engaguquki nengcinga-ngaphandle kakuhle abasemagunyeni. Ilizwe waba kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu. Kuyenzeka ukubonelela ngokupheleleyo lizwe kunye neemveliso eziyimfuneko. Kwangaxeshanye, ingqalelo enkulu zahlawula floriculture kunye horticulture.

lifa

Ukuthetha ngento impumelelo Caliphate odumileyo Arab, singasathethi ulawulo ezilungileyo IAbbasid ubukhosi. Bakwazi ukuphepha emirs ukuzimela ngokugqithiseleyo kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu. EYurophu, ilizwe elo yanika ngabafo yasekuhlaleni yenkonzo, phantse baqhubeka impahla izinyanya. Arabhu kulo mba ngqo umyalelo ngamaYiputa amandulo. Onke amazwe babephuma intloko karhulumente lomthetho. Wayenelungelo lokuba ukwaba iziza bakhe ngenxa yenkonzo yabo. Noko ke, emva kokufa ilizwe labo ubuyela likaCaliph. Nguye kuphela isigqibo ukushiya okanye ungafaki ziindlalifa. KumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni uninzi kongquzulwano zivele ngenxa yamandla elibalayo zizigwili athathwa ezweni kudluliselwa kubo kukumkani. Kwakhona Umlawuli ukuba alahle nommandla wayo kuphela. Kodwa ezinye izifundo likakumkani kumazwe amaninzi ngokwakhe.

trade

Xa Abbasids ihlabathi Arab lelinye lamaziko mveliso isitshixo. Ukuba bahlula abantu abaninzi baba izithethe zamandulo wezandla, angaboyisi zabo enobutyebi iphuhliswe. Xa IAbbasid era baqalisa ukurhweba intsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu. EDamasko iincakuba zaye kuthakazelelwa kakhulu kwi West. Arabhu kweli dabi kuphela, kodwa wasebenza kunye ngamaKrestu ehlabathini. Abarhwebi nesibindi okanye ngabahambi ezincinane waya kude entshona nasemantla imida yelizwe. Izinto eziye zenziwa kwiinkulungwane 9-10. phantsi Abbasids, zabonwa nkqu amazwe Slavic nezizwe zaseJamani kuLwandle lweBaltic. abalawuli Muslim Kudala kunzima yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Oku kubangelwa kuphela ngumnqweno ukuba zifake intsimi entsha. Byzantium yaba amakhonkco zorhwebo elide-kusekwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ngenxa yoku, yena waye abarhwebi main alwayo.

nezidubedube

Nangona impilo-ntle, ezele uxolo kweli lizwe wakha. Zizizwe zala mazwe oyisa ngawo onke amaxesha befuna ukuba aphinde ukuzimela kwabo. Basoloko ukhulisa neemvukelo nxamnye bahlaseli. Ukongeza, kukho kwakhona ayenganelisekanga kunye emirs zamaphondo. Babengafuni ukuba abaxhomekeke phezu kwentloko lizwe yonke imibandela yezolawulo. Ukuwa Arab Caliphate waqalisa phantse nangoko emva nokubunjwa kwayo. Moor ngokwahlukana kuqala. Ezi North Arabhu Afrika woyisa zasePyrenees. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-10 Wawahlula Emirate of Córdoba. Ngokusesikweni fixed ulongamo yayo. Moor ikwazile ukugcina ukuzimela wabo ixesha elide. Phezu kwako imfazwe, kunye baseYurophu, kwakunye kuhlaselo ezinamandla ze-Reconquista, xa phantse lonke Spain wabuyela kwiNgqobhoko, ukuze phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-15 kwi zasePyrenees yaba uRhulumente Mauritanian. Ngenxa yoko, oko wanciphiswa Granada Caliphate. Le ndawo kufutshane isixeko Spanish kwegama elifanayo ithathwa i perile yehlabathi Arabhu. Oku kwenza amaqashiso nobungangamela yayo abamelwane-eYurophu.

Ukuvukela kwi kwintsimi empumalanga

Bathabatha indawo kwisiqingatha sesibini 8 ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane 9. Qhankqalazo baba ubuntu kakhulu kuzwelonke kwaye sibhekiswe ukongamela-Arabhu. Njengoko ideology iqokobhe kuphuma iimfundiso Khurramite. Kwakhona ngokuba mazdakitov ogama Mazdak umbingeleli beli hlelo. Uninzi ukuvukela ezinkulu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane 8, xa al-Mahdi. Emva kokuba ukubulawa Abu Muslim ngo-754, abashumayeli abaninzi babefuna ukuba indlalifa yakhe. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, iquka Hashim Ibn Hakim. Kwixesha elidlulileyo yena wesinye Abu Muslim. Hashim naye ngokuba al-sentuthumbo. Ifihle ubuso bakhe, khon 'ukuze abafundi bathi ukukhusela abaza Ukubengezela yakhe. Elinye iqela Hashim wathi wasebenzisa isigqubuthelo ukufihla inkangeleko yayo ndimbi. Al Mukanna utshaba endala IAbbasid ubukhosi. Ngelo xesha, bambamba kwaye avalelwe entolongweni Baghdad, ukusuka esindile apho.

A kumzabalazo entsha ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi

Emva kokufa al-Mahdi, ngo-785, endaweni yakhe ibango oonyana ababini. Omnye - Al-Hadi, wayeyintloko Jurjan yesibini - Harun al-uRashid, walawula Azerbaijan Armenia. Ngalinye ezihlangwini waba lolawulo zabo kunye nabacebisi. Al-Mahdi, uyazi ukuba ukuze aqale emva kokufa kwakhe, imfazwe yamakhaya, waya al-Hadi, ukuba beyiseke ukuba asuke wakhetha Harun. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela wafa ngesiquphe. Ngenxa yoko, uMoses wathatha indawo yakhe.

Utshintsho kwamandla

Nangona isibakala sokuba Harun wavuma ngokuzithandela ulawulo lwe al-Hadi, kukho amarhe ukuba ufuna ukubulala likaCaliph. Emva koko, kwimeko iphazamisa nonina Hayzuran. Kucetyiswa ukuba Arab Caliphate phantsi Harun luphuhliswa ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, le tyhefu al-Hadi. Ebudeni beminyaka lamandla akhe, waba waduma embi kwabulawa kweenkokheli alidskimi kummandla eMecca kunyaka 786. Mhlawumbi oku esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba Hayzuran wagqiba ukuba ibe lizwe kwi imeko efanayo elawulekayo. Arab Caliphate phantsi Harun abanamava ukudityaniswa ethambisayo ukuyilwa kuluntu ezintsha uhlanga. Nokufika indlalifa yesibini Hayzuran ufumene nempembelelo enkulu kubomi kwezopolitiko karhulumente. Wakonwabela de ngemihla yokugqibela kakhulu.

Ukomelezwa yookumkani

Imigaqo lokuqinisa amandla engundoqo kunye ukuyilwa imo Sasanid umzekelo yaqalwa ngo Omayyads. impumelelo yakhe waqhubeka kunye Abbasids. Enyanisweni, eli lizwe ukuze ikwazi ukulawula. Arab Caliphate phantsi Harun ukuphumeza ngempumelelo lo mgaqo-nkqubo. Ngenxa yokuba le Abbasids wazuza amandla kunye nenkxaso umkhosi Iranian, indima urhulumente emkhosini kunye norhulumente sazaliseka. Oluphambili engundoqo akhiwa namaPersi-horasantsami. Baye basiwa kusapho IAbbasid 'njengoonyana'. Bakwazi ukususa uxinzelelo lomgadi amaqela Arab-esenjalo kumandla we likaCaliph.

ukunciphisa impembelelo

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane 9 IAbbasid sokonakalisa ukumkani kuye isiba mandundu. waqala ukuba kwahlula amaphondo North-Afrika, yaye ilandelwe yi-Central Asia. Ngaphakathi Arabhu lonyuka ukruthakruthwano phakathi Shiites kunye Sunnis. Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-10, lo kuqala wayithimba Baghdad. Emva koko kuhlaselwa ixesha elide baba abalawuli yokutyiwa abanamandla kwakuba caliphate Arabia. Ngaphantsi igunya labo nabo iindawo ezincinane eMesopotamiya. Ekubeni ihlabathi Islamic ezilahlekileyo ubunye. Ngo-1055 urhulumente yoyiswa Seljuk Turks. KuMbindi Mpuma bazibiza Saracens. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, bakuba owoyisa esasiseSisili, kodwa kamva ke indawo ngokusemthethweni waphuma apho. Turks evela emasimini abo eAsia Minor headed kumazwe baseByzantium. Iminyaka elikhulu embalwa, bakwazi ukoyisa Balkan p-in. Ngelo xesha linye zityalwa ngenkohlakalo idlwengulweyo, abantu baseMpumalanga ayakhe le mimandla. Ngo-1453 i-Ottoman wayithimba ngokupheleleyo Byzantium. Ngenxa yoko, esi sixeko wafumana igama elitsha - Istanbul - waza waba inhloko le.