I-revolution mveliso. Iimpawu ze-Revolution Industrial eUnited States Russia

I-Industrial Revolution, leyo yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-18 ekupheleni eNgilani kwaye iya kuhlawula kamva kuphuhliswa uthi (kwinkulungwane ye-19), kukutshintsha kumatshini yemveliso manual, yiya kwi mveliso yi mveliso. Iiklasi zentlalo yezikhokhelo abasebenzi kunye noohlohlesakhe. Isiseko zemveliso ngeye-mveliso, baxhotyiswa oomatshini.

I-revolution mveliso iye ngcembe. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 emva kokuba revolution yaseNgilani ubandakanya eUnited States. Yafika revolution yoshishino e-Europe. Kwaye kwimpuma ye revolution mveliso ukuba sele iphelile.

Ukuqala revolution yezoshishino ochaphazelekayo kwishishini ukukhanya. Emva koko ukuqala ikhava ngoomatshini kunye namanye amashishini zemveliso. Eli xesha yabalasela izinto zobuchwepheshe, ezifana ibe lathe, umatshini wokuthunga, kukho izithuthi esitsha (kaloliwe wodwa), kuthetha unxibelelwano (unomathotholo, yocingo, yomnxeba).

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 revolution yezoshishino singene kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso. Ngeli thuba i-injini yaqanjwa injini lwangaphakathi yokuvutha (itheyibhile ephindaphindayo lwangaphakathi), igramafoni (recording isandi kunye nezixhobo nokuzala), ukufunyanwa yeoli, ishishini chemical. Abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ngenkuthalo umbane.

INguqu Industrial zenzeka kwiimeko zivuma. Ukuba wadala imfundo US. Esisemnyango kunye ivili ojikeleza ngoomatshini wabonakala eMelika ngo ka1789. Emva emigrant ukusebenza ukusuka eNgilani Pleyter wenza umzobo lomsonti, emva konyaka eUnited States waqalisa ukusebenza imveliso alukiweyo mveliso kuqala. Ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, ukusetyenziswa mveliso umqhaphu Melika zinyuke izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama mabini anababini.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umsebenzi liphezulu kusungulo lwe iinjini umphunga iye yabonakala ukususela ekuqaleni novalo ngenkulungwane ye-19. Oku kuqhathaniswa intshayelelo kade amanzi kubangelwa injini ayanda, xa kuthelekiswa ne-umphunga, i enganeno.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwe revolution yezoshishino eMelika yanikwa kulwakhiwo kololiwe. Kweli thuba ukususela 1830 ukuya 1850 kwaba ulwando oluphindwe ezintlanu-ngaphezu yothungelwano kaloliwe.

Ukukhula noshishino lokomba kunye metallurgical shishino iye yanxulunyaniswa kakhulu kunye ngoomatshini kwezithuthi. Ngenxa yoko, kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukwanda ngokuphindwe 12 kwimveliso ihagu yentsimbi, kwaye engile kwemveliso - ezimbalwa iwaka.

I-revolution industrial eye wavumela United States ukuphuhlisa oomatshini yayo. Umzekelo, izityalo ezinkulu ekuveliseni iinjini umphunga zakhiwa e Pennsylvania, eNew York.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwamashisini eUnited States baye ubungqondi zobunjineli (-esile, Singer, worse). Eli lizwe lafumana amandla oomatshini kwezolimo, nto leyo ngenxa iimfuno ezandayo yefama. Ngexesha '40 -' 50 eMelika, threshers emihle ngomatshini, seeders zidalwe, mowers kunye nezinye izixhobo.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, zorhwebo United States banda izihlandlo 4, kwaye ithumela 3.7. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwindawo ephambili ezithunyelwa ngaphandle nangoku ihlalwa iimveliso zezolimo kunye nezinto ekrwada.

Kwi revolution mveliso Russian kwi inkqubo kwicandelo unganxibelelananga sobummandla kunye yamacandelo. Nantsi ke imbangi yokuba, isiqingatha senkulungwane ngokwaneleyo elide wenguqulelo eli lizwe ukususela umsebenzi wezandla ukuya kwimveliso ezenzekelayo. Imishini waqala kushishino umqhaphu kweli banesifo yaye yaphela kwishishini intsimbi kweli yee-.

Ngexesha ukupheliswa serfdom, ngaphezu kwama-60% kwimveliso kwicandelo loshishino processing livelise abasebenzi abangekho kwi mveliso.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19 malunga shishino ezilikhulu umatshini eyasekwayo, kodwa icandelo waqhubeka ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wezandla.