Yintoni na impumelelo odumileyo baseByzantium Empire phantsi Justinian? Ixesha of Justinian

A lot of kwizizukulwana ukugcina kwimemori yamaxesha umlawuli omkhulu baseByzantium uBukhosi kunye Justinian ibe yitempile nomthetho kunye mthetho yayo engundoqo. Ngokwendalo, zonke iinguqu zaye zisekelwe kwisiseko nzima zomthetho omdala wamaRoma, kwaye ukuthanda Justinian wazalwa kwaye iyaxhaswa yi-iimfuno nobomi - ubudlelwane lwentlalo-qoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kweli lizwe, baye banikwa utshintsho esisiseko.

Ukusuka yesine kwinkulungwane yesithandathu, ixesha lokuba ihlabathi liphela unika a nzima kakhulu kodwa kubaluleke. Byzantium yi ngokukhawuleza ezinambuzelayo kwindlela inkqubela, nangona ukuzingisa yobukhoboka. I-Code of Law Civil, waba sisixhobo nako ukuzisa lukarhulumente-isakhiwo ukuya elilandelayo inqanaba lophuhliso loluntu - inkqubo feudal. Nantso into impumelelo waduma ukuba Empire yaseByzantium phantsi Justinian.

Ukubuyekezwa komthetho

Kweli xesha lotshintsho kwamkeleka, amanye amaziko umthetho waseRoma, ekwimo modified, baye bakhonza ngokuthembekileyo kwiiklasi wabasemagunyeni bukhosi. ulawulo Class, lobukhoboka Kakade, iklasi kunye nezinto zentlalo, zonke iintlobo amalungelo kwinkqubo yolawulo idibana ngokupheleleyo iimfuno ezikhoyo kwizikhundla eziphezulu oluntu, kunye baseByzantium uBukhosi phantsi Justinian akazange enze amanyathelo angqongqo kakhulu ukwakha urhulumente. Justinian ibhengeze lo mgaqo endala intlonelo olomeleleyo ukuba kudala, leyo ingaphumeleli. Kungenxa yoko le nto lonke kwinkulungwane yesithandathu mthetho aseByzantium baqubuda komthetho wamaRoma.

Ingakumbi kwizixeko ezinkulu urhwebo aseByzantium yezandla unamathupha na, kwakukho iyantlukwano impahla kunye iintengiselwano zorhwebo. Ngokoqobo wafuna kunye odolwa kunye ummiselo eneenkcukacha amalungelo obunini, njengoko owakhelwe kuyo kuqoqosho karhulumente. Kwaye umthetho waseRoma ikuvumela ukuba ukunika ngokupheleleyo isiseko somthetho, ekubeni lo mthombo lusekelwe bokuqonda enxulumene nayiphi moya zabucala.

Nangona kunjalo, iimeko ezintsha zifuna uhlengahlengiso amaninzi nemigangatho okhoyo komthetho wamaRoma. Oko yaqala umsebenzi nzima kakhulu emva kwinkulungwane yesithandathu, kwaye ngoku siyazi ukuba impumelelo Empire odumileyo yaseByzantium phantsi Justinian. Umyalelo omtsha kwezentlalo ngokukhawuleza nesuka, wafuna amanye ubudlelwane phakathi iiklasi kunye nempahla. Kwaye bonke ubuhlobo zifuna ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni.

Indalo kwemithetho zingenakuphikwa

yezizathu ezisemthethweni leyo yenza isiseko yokudityaniswa lomthetho:

• kuphikisana nemimiselo yomthetho;
• umthetho eluziziz;
• ngaphandle imithetho kunye neenkqubo zokuhlela;
• isigama esiphelelwe;
• ngamagosa enkundla ngokungenasizathu.

Akukho nxalenye nomthetho eziphelelwe lixesha, okanye ukusebenzisa kuyo, nakuba bonke ubuhle edume nomthetho isithethe wamaRoma, Justinian abakwazanga. Wonyulwa ukuba udibaniso, isiqingatha indlela iinguqulelo. Kwaye ukusilela kuphela.

ifundwe umthetho

Ukuqala yomsebenzi omkhulu - yokudityaniswa kwezinto umthetho - uthathwa ukuba ibe yiminyaka 528. Ngokuqhelekileyo, a feat onjalo ukuba umntu akakwazi ukwenza. Nangona Code of Law Civil ithiywe emva Justinian, wasebenza ukuyilwa kwalo mntwana lomthetho, Kakade ke, akazange.

Umlawuli despot yebhongo kakhulu. Wavumelana nje kwakhokelela imfazwe ukubuyisela uBukhosi baseRoma, Ushintsho zangaphakathi kwakhona wayenomdla kakhulu yaye wenza konke ukuze kuthiwe mthetho mkhulu ehlabathini. Le mfazwe, Noko ke, ukuba akwenze. A iseti imithetho zange ziphuhliswe. Kodwa ke oku - imithetho emfazwe kunye - Empire odumileyo aseByzantium phantsi Justinian.

Inazo zonke izimvo kunye phulo ngokupheleleyo yokusebenza - ngokwenene akwanelanga ukuba intloko karhulumente? Amandla, ixesha, imali - Justinian wamsindisa nto ukwenza umzimba omtsha lwemithetho: amagcisa rhoqo wabukela wakhuthaza wayesoloko kuhlolwa ngokuchanekileyo imeko, fumana abantu abaninzi abakrelekrele, abanamava kunye nolwazi. Wabonisa ngokwakhe uKesare oyinyaniso, ngoko ke baguqula uBukhosi baseByzantium phantsi Justinian.

amagcisa

Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho ye Justinian kwakuza kwenzeka kunye uloyiso olo, ukuba umphefumlo lweshishini lonke - quaestor Tribonian. abafundileyo kakhulu, italente enkulu unesiphiwo zaloo nanto, igqwetha owaziwayo Tribonian yaba ukufunyaniswa kwaye zinqwenelekayo Justinian. Phakathi abasebenzi bakarhulumente elitheni ezilishumi, waqalisa ukusebenza kunye Code of Justinian. Koko wabubhekisa lo myalelo, quaestor owayesakuba entendelezweni - umbingeleli Patrikiy Ioann. Onke amagcisa Abahlaziyi ezilishumi olungamadoda inzululwazi, ngokungadinwayo ngenkuthalo umsebenzi wabo unobangela yoluntu. Ingakumbi umphengululi Kuyaphawuleka, umthetho uProfesa Tiyofilo.

Qala umsebenzi

kakhulu ebalulekileyo inani elikhulu siseko komlawuli zikhethwe ezifanelekileyo izicelo namhlanje kwakunye iikhowudi ziqwalaselwe ezadalwayo ngaphambili - Gregorieva, Theodosiev kunye Germogenianova - ukuze ukhethe ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi siseko ukuba zingqinelane neemfuno ezintsha ixesha kwaye elifanelekileyo for umkhuba komthetho. Umthetho uhlomela, isusa zonke ugugile, ukuphelisa ephikisanayo kunye kophindo. Nje ngaphezu konyaka wathabatha izazinzulu kumadoda ukuba yePhetshana leeNdaba ze-Code of Justinian. Ngo-Epreli 529, yaba umthetho.

Kakade ke, ndithi ndiza umzi. Kodwa uhlelo lwesibini, nangona yagqitywa ngokukhawuleza, sele kusivumela ukuba siqonde ukuba impumelelo Empire odumileyo yaseByzantium phantsi Justinian. Justinian Code kuhlelo lwesibini kwiminyaka 534 zigcinwe unanamhla. Kungenxa kule fomu, wazuza udumo ehlabathini lonke.

Digesty

Ukuba translate eli lizwi Latin, kuye kucace ukuba iseti entsha nemithetho - kuyinto ziqokelelwe kwaye inikwe kule nkqubo. Okuhamba msebenzi, wabiza in Greek - sikwetyise, gama elo elithetha "bonke-in-ngokwalo."

Kulo nyaka-530 esele kwaziwa ukusuka Tribonian umsebenzi wokuqala kunye nezinye oonjingalwazi ezine umthetho eqalwe nokusekwa Digest. Afika ukunceda amagqwetha elinanye yolawulo ephakamileyo zabalawuli. Kamva, le bemeko- le mveliso yaziwa abacwangcisi, njengoko uninzi laqulunqa yemisebenzi bewenza baseRoma. Noko ke, lo msebenzi ngaphambi kubo kunzima kakhulu, kunye nenjongo ezimbini. Hayi nje ukuqokelela nokumisa lemveli elisemthethweni ebanzi, kodwa ukugcina amaxabiso esisiseko somthetho ngokuqinileyo. iincwadi ibingamawaka amabini enkulu, phezu imigca kwezigidi ezintathu. Akukho kwitekisi yoncwadi, kunjalo. Sea, ocean isebenza!

Justinian waqonda ukuba unikwe umsebenzi, ngoko, wanika iKomishoni de kube sekupheleni - leminyaka. Noko ke, kwiminyaka emithathu kamva Digesty waqalisa ukusebenza kuwo wonke umbuso. Nantso into umbutho efanelekileyo kunye ngokwazalela amanyathelo! Igqwetha ngalinye ikhomishini ukuba abancedisi bootitshala banikwa - oonobhala, nazo kakhulu kakuhle kakuhle emyalelweni. Amaqela athile kwimithombo, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba baye yahlulwe yangamacandelo: qokelela amagqwetha kunye hlela izinto, kwaye ikhomishini lilinde ze aphengulule izicatshulwa Digest ngohlobo yayo yokugqibela.

Ngoko iincwadi Digest amahlanu zadalwa. Kwiindawo ezisixhenxe. Kwakhona incwadi nganye has division: phezu izihloko kunye ziziqwengana. Iyonke - izihloko 433 eziqwenga ngaphezulu kwama 9200. Ezingamashumi amathathu anethoba edumileyo mthetho baseRoma ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala, ayikho de wafika ngenkulungwane yesithandathu ukuya Digesty: Mangcu Mucius Scaevola, Alphen var, Elly Gant, uPawulos Papinian, uGayo, Ulpian, Modestian kunye nabanye.

Kule ndlu, umthetho waseRoma, Kakade, kwaye izikhewu kunye nokungangqinelani, kodwa ngexesha layo, lo msebenzi mkhulu kangangokuba kucacile ukuba impumelelo Empire odumileyo yaseByzantium phantsi Justinian. Impendulo elifutshane: "Digesty".

komhlaba imfundo zomthetho

Ukudala imithetho emitsha ifuna ukubhalwa njengesikhokelo elula zokufunda nokufundisa nomthetho. Ezo iincwadi zoncwadi Roman ebizwa amaziko. Babe ifikeleleka kangangoko kuyimfuneko ukuba atyumbe imo yomthetho, ulahle izimiso lixesha umgwebele umthetho iguqulwe.

Zonke Tribonian Tiyofilo efanayo kunye Dorotheus kugqitywa ngoNovemba, iminyaka 533 kwaye umsebenzi Justinian. Kwakhona ibe yingqokelela, ingakumbi kumaziko Gaya, Florentina, Marciana, Ulpian noPawulos, kodwa impembelelo ecacileyo Justinian Khowudi kunye Digest.

Institutes of Justinian iqulunqwe ngohlobo olufikelelekayo mayeza, yahlulwe iincwadi ezine. Siye phantsi kuthi na yokuqala, kwaye ngqangi-ngenkulungwane yesithoba - elide kangaka ngokubanzi kwaye ngempumelelo Amaziko isicelo kumazwe amaninzi of Western Europe. Izikolo umthetho yoBukhosi baseByzantium, baye bafunda njengesikhokelo, kwaye yokusebenza isetyenziswe ekuhlalutyeni amatyala, ekubeni phantse nangoko yaba umthetho asebukhosini.

UMbuso odumileyo Byzantine

Xa Justinian umsebenzi yowiso ezingekapheli. Inxalenye ezintathu-ikhowudi yomthetho yamakhaya yaqhubeka: imithetho zavela emva kweminyaka 534, ezazibizwa Novell. Baye nabo ingqokelela enye ngexesha ubomi Justinian. Oku kwenziwa kamva. Ngoku eyaziwa Ukuqokelelwa ezintathu ezinjalo, yaye akukho namnye kubo nga ligosa.

Ngoko ke yintoni Empire odumileyo aseByzantium phantsi Justinian? Impendulo emfutshane ukusebenza. Umthetho yayiqale nokuzaliswa nemimiselo yomthetho nesigama njengoko kwithiyori yokuziphatha, ilungelo umthetho welizwe kunye noluntu, isiko, ulwalamano komthetho, uluntu kunye ngamnye, kwakukho ngokukhukhumala baninzi zomthetho, usahleli, mandife ngoku. Yintoni na impumelelo odumileyo baseByzantium Empire phantsi Justinian? Iimpendulo zezi zilandelayo:

• nasekusungulweni imfundiso amalungelo;
• Umba wamalungelo jikelele - lonke uluntu;
• titling impahla eyodwa;
• ilungelo civil wendoda free;
• ingcamango kwenkqubo yezomthetho emanyeneyo;
• ilungelo lobumi baseRoma kumakhoboka akhululwe;
• amalungelo kunye nezithintelo ukuba amalungelo servicemen;
• ubume ngokwasemthethweni uluntu lwasemaphandleni;
• kobudala kwamalungelo yobukhoboka; sengqondo ilungelo ngobuso, kunokuba into;
• lula iinkqubo ukukhululwa amakhoboka;
• umthetho wekhaya elithile;
• umthetho wokulandelelana;
• umgaqo inkululeko komtshato: Roma and non-Roma, abemi kunye non-abemi.

Ngaphezu koko, ngokusondeleyo Justinian abandakanyeka ekomelezeni zombini amandla omkhosi kunye nezopolitiko waseByzantium. Phambi kwakhe kwaba kulenjongo yamabhongo - ukubuyiselwa uBukhosi baseRoma imida yayo endala. Kwaye kuqaliswe ngempumelelo kakhulu kuyo. Le ngozi engundoqo ubukhosi amelwe basempumalanga, ingakumbi i-Iran enamandla. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe kwi kumda ophakathi Iran kunye Byzantium zahlala emideni edlulileyo, kodwa ke isigaba yempembelelo waseByzantium baba Lazika, eCrimea, Arabia, Armenia, apho ubuKristu ngcembe namandla. Ukoyisa of Justinian abonakalisi beprophathi abathobelayo kuMntla Afrika, oko wahlula ubukumkani Ostrogoths eItali, bakhona baye balahlekelwa indawo enkulukazi Spain. Justinian wakwazi ukoyisa lonke Balkan Peninsula. Lo mmandla liye landa ngokuphindwe kabini, umda kufutshane imida endala ye uBukhosi baseRoma. Zonke ezi zinto kunye edumileyo Empire yaseByzantium phantsi Justinian.