Iminyaka yobudala golden yezikhulu - igama wolawulo uCatherine 2

N Velikaya Law of the Russian Empire iminyaka engama-34. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, ukwanda kakhulu indawo namanani eli lizwe. Xa nkqubo angaphandle, inkqubela kakhulu esele yenziwe. Russia wazuza ubunzima kunye nempembelelo kwimicimbi zamazwe ngamazwe, kuqukwa ngokunxulumene kumazwe aseYurophu. Kodwa Eyona nto iphawulekayo eli xesha ekuxhotyisweni yezikhulu ukuya imida emangalisayo. Eli bali kunzima ukufumana umzekelo efanayo le-Elite, kufuneka amalungelo mda ngolo hlobo. Catherine 2 Board ebizwa ubudala segolide yezikhulu.

Ukuvuma sobukhosi

Umendo isithsaba Russian waba nzima kakhulu elizayo uKumkanikazi. UCatherine wangumlawuli yazibandakanya kwibhotwe kwiimeko ezinzima kwaye inzima. Umyeni wakhe, uPetros lwesiThathu wakwazi encinane zokulawula urhulumente waba ingumqobo endleleni eya etroneni. Emva kokufa kwakhe, lubizwa n bagxila amandla ezandleni zakhe. Kodwa, ngokwemiqathango zifundo, ke inkosazana ezingafunekiyo, kubulala kokubulawa komyeni wakhe. Indawo uKumkanikazi kwakubonakala iyaxokozela nokungathembeki. Inkxaso engundoqo kunye nokhuseleko kuba yakhonza abalindi kwinkundla ubhedu. Imfuneko ukufumana inkxaso yomkhosi elite Catherine nkqubo echazwe ngokunxulumene yonke izikhulu.

neNgonyama bakhanyiselwa

UKumkanikazi ukuba ufunde imisebenzi uVoltaire kunye wayeqhelene izimvo yaseYurophu melo. Wakholelwa ukuba umthetho nengqiqo, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nenkathalo malunga nezifundo zemfundo kungakhokelela urhulumente aluhlaza kunye nentlalo-ntle. Ingcamango yokuba ukumkani bakhanyiselwa isekele ulondolozo kwinkqubo wezindlu, umkhosi omkhulu leyo kokuba amatshawe aphathwe sisicaka. Kwakhona, musa babuza na amandla ngokupheleleyo kwesi kumkani.

Lasiwa imigaqo French yiEnlightenment, uCatherine waqonda ukuba kude kubo ubunyani yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ukuba babefuna ngokulalisa phezu kuphikisana lwezentlalo eluntwini, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ngenxa eklasini, apho kwakuxhomekeke ngamandla alo. Kungenxa yoko le nto yobudala segolide yezikhulu bafika ngexesha lokulawula uCatherine. Palace Guard yaba amandla enkulu kwezopolitiko, maxa wambi zenziwe izigqibo, ngubani kuhlala phezu kwetrone.

Ukutshintsha indawo yezikhulu

Umgaqo esisiseko yobudlelwane phakathi imonarch izidwangube ukuba emkhosini sisananelo ubunini ngamafa. Act njengommeli kwiklasi amanene * kuKhesare ifana indalo ukuya ukuxhomekeka le serf feudal. De ngexesha Petra Velikogo, inkonzo ebandakanya baqala kweminyaka eli-15 yaye phantse bonke. Lithi wayengenalo ilungelo lokukhetha phakathi imisebenzi zomkhosi emkhosini.

Ngokuthe ngcembe kukho ukutshatyalaliswa yale migaqo amandulo. Inkqubo uyaziphakamisa kubo ifikelele incopho yayo xa ibhodi weza Catherine 2. The Golden Age yezikhulu wabeka isiseko umaleko wokuqala ngokupheleleyo simahla kwaye luzimele eluntwini eRashiya.

Tshintsha emva kokufa Petra Velikogo

Amanqanaba e-mthetho sele ufakelwe izilungiso, yenza imeko kwiklasi feudal nangoku lula kunye nenzuzo. Izikhulu babevunyelwa ukuba ashiye okwexeshana imisebenzi yakhe karhulumente ukuba abuyele kwilifa zokulawula buqu nemicimbi yezoqoqosho. Omnye woonyana bakhe kwintsapho yonke amanene kwakulungile ukuba abambele nkonzo kwaye ozinikele ngokupheleleyo ekusombululeni imiba enxulumene kwilifa. Ubudala apho abameli nemihlaba feudal baqalisa ukuzalisekisa imfanelo yakhe uPhilip, inyusiwe ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-15 ukuya kuma-20. Izidwangube banikwa ukhetho phakathi umkhosi kunye nenkonzo yoluntu. Kuye kwaqinisekiswa ilungelo elikhethekileyo yezikhulu okufumana imihlaba kunye ngamakhoboka. Kwakukho amathuba umhlala-phantsi emva kweminyaka engama-25 yenkonzo.

IManifesto Peter III

Abonwa uCatherine wafuna ukuba acele inkxaso yezikhulu phambi kokuba umbusi kwisihlalo sobukhosi. Akakwazi yavele ukuphatha umlingane olawulayo, yaye phantsi kwempembelelo wayo ukuthi lasayina kupapasho-kupheliswe inkonzo kawonke ukuba amalungu kwiklasi feudal. UCatherine iphindaphinde iingongoma eziphambili kolu xwebhu, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva ekumisweni kwayo. Iminyaka yobudala golden yezikhulu ekuthiwa era anabo isibhengezo inkululeko lowo akukho ukufana ngaphambili. Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka le amafa feudal le isisa kunye nenceba nguzwilakhe wahlala olomeleleyo.

umnotho

UKumkanikazi ngokusemthethweni isaziso nokungabikho imfuneko yesinyanzelo ngabafo imisebenzi karhulumente. Ngokwembono yakhe, ubuzwe nokunyaniseka nokumkani, njengenxalenye abameli kule klasi, siya kuqinisekisa isosha wokuzithandela. Le ingeyonyani ngokupheleleyo. Esona sizathu kukuba oko kwasinika ingeniso encinane yaye akazange abanini bazo umgangatho wokuphila. Kwabaninzi, namatshawe ofisi kawonke yaba enye kuphela.

ezithile ngokwezinga

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uKumkanikazi negalelo ekwandiseni ulwazi kwisangqa imxinwa abanokuzityand bakhe nangokuthanda. Umzekelo, abaququzeleli kombuso ibhotwe, wavula indlela yakhe etroneni Russian, wamkela phakathi izityhwentywe zemali kunye nomhlaba. Ngenxa yomoya ezithile lokumkani omalunga baba abanini iimeko kumnandi. Iminyaka yobudala golden yezikhulu ebizwa ngokuba ubukumkani uCatherine Omkhulu, kodwa hayi onke amalungu ale baye bafumana iinzuzo zoqoqosho kweli xesha. Abanye babo abazange babe ngamakhoboka. IManifesto inkululeko abazange kuchaphazela imeko yabo yemali.

ngamakhoboka

The Golden Age yezikhulu Russian waba zisasuka yayo. Kwiqula-ntle kwiklasi feudal yayisekelwe nasemigudwini ngaphandle ngamakhoboka. Ukwandiswa malunghelo iingangamsha kunye umbandela kwamalungelo micinga yesondo. Kuphela inkundla ukuba ngamakhoboka waba kumnikazi. Waba namandla ukuze asigwebele ku wagxothelwa eSiberia okanye nokuphila yomsebenzi onzima. Ngenisa izikhalazo ukuba umnini-mhlaba eyalelweyo phantsi kwesigwebo imvubu. Ukuma ngamakhoboka yayahluke kancinane ebukhobokeni zakudala, nangona umthetho asiwenzi avume obala.

siseko Humanistic and engokoqobo

N Velikaya ingqalelo inkqubo enjalo zoluntu izixhobo nabuntu. Wayesoloko wacinga ngeendlela kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ebukhobokeni. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zicwangciso iyaphikisana ngqo umdla abakhethekileyo. umthombo kwezoqoqosho ubudala yegolide yezikhulu kwaba serfdom. neenjongo ezintle uKumkanikazi sijamelane ngqwabalala, kwaye linyanzelekile ukuba bashiye iingcamango humanistic. inkxaso ebukhosini kwaba uCatherine njengeyona prayorithi, iminyaka ukubusa kwaqalisa zebhola ye feudalism.

Iileta patent inkululeko yezikhulu

Ngowe-1785 ukuba ipapashe uxwebhu engqina onke amalungelo ngaphambili wafumana ze bandise kubo. Ukukhululwa yokuqala kwiklasi amanene ndakutywina kwimfanelo benkonzo karhulumente kunye nelungelo yayo kuphela lokuba nomhlaba kunye nabalimi. Ukongeza, liqhawe ukususela ngoku anikezelwe phantsi, kwaye ukulahlekelwa kunokuba kuphela sisigqibo yeeNgwevu ibe lulwaphulo-mthetho. Kuluhlu iinzuzo wongezelela sokuxolelwa ukusuka ngerhafu. IJaji wohlanga ayikwazanga ngokulinganayo kuphela ngokuzalwa. It othintela ukusetyenziswa isohlwayo sokubetha ukuba abameli wabanumzana, ukuba athimbe imizi yabo. Kwafuneka unelungelo lokwenza izicelo okanye izikhalazo ngqo ukumkani. Izikhulu babevunyelwa ukuba zindwendwele ngaphesheya, nkqu ukuba bangene kwinkonzo lokumkani amazwe.

amagosa Administration ku

Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuqaliswa kwe wengingqi self-government. Xa yobudala yegolide ungunyana wabanumzana Russian phantse onke amagosa counties nezixeko enyulwa okanye etyunjwa ngayo kule klasi. Basebukhosini eRashiya ekugqibeleni waba closed corporation, ekwanti ukusuka bonke abanye abantu.

ezithunyelwa ukudla

Iminyaka yobudala golden yezikhulu ungqamene kunye nokwanda kwabantu ingqolowa, nesonka amaxabiso. inxaxheba Russian kwinkqubo imarike yaseYurophu ikakhulu ukutya. Rhweba ngaphandle kwe isonka iye umsebenzi inzuzo enkulu. Le nyaniso wakhuthaza abaqeshisi ukwandisa ozozogidi nokomeleza nokuxhatshazwa Ukuxelenga ngamakhoboka ukuze bafumane ingeniso ezongezelelweyo. Imeko yezoqoqosho negalelo ekuqhubekekeni kwephakade eli yegolide yezikhulu.

End of ebikhona

Emva kokufa uCatherine Omkhulu weza etroneni, uPawulos, naye uye ulwalamano nzima ngenxa ngokubulala uyise Peter III. Wazama ukunciphisa anikwe inkululeko wabanumzana, namalungelo. Iminyaka yobudala golden yezikhulu ayikapheli okwangoku, kodwa incopho yayo sele ngasemva. Kwiinzame ukwenza olu didi undoqo le lobuzwilakhe uCatherine uzinikele kuye ngamalungelo omkhulu waza wajika waba amandla kakhulu yezopolitiko.