Yintoni Cultural? Cultural zoNxibelelwano kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda izifundo zenkcubeko undincinayo inzululwazi, apho zizakubalulwa iintlobo bayo, bungakanani kwezinye iinkalo zezifundo oko esinxibelelana. Konke oku siya kujonga ngokweenkcukacha. Okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukumisela umyalelo, kubaluleke kangakanani onomdla le nto thina. Cultural - igama kuyilwa kula mazwi amandulo: "cultura" (isiLatin, eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "elinywayo") kunye 'iilogo "(ngesiGrike," imfundiso "). Kubonakala ukuba inzululwazi inkcubeko. Nangona kunjalo, bonke akukho lula njengoko kubonakala xa efika kuqala. Igama elithi "isiko" liye iintsingiselo ezininzi. Oku kufuneka ukuba ziqwalaselwe ukuze ukunika impendulo ngokupheleleyo lo mbuzo: "? Yintoni nezifundo zenkcubeko"

Yintoni amasiko?

Xa "Dictionary" Adelunga 1793, lo mbono uthetha uphuculo zonke iimpawu yokuziphatha neengqondi abantu okanye umntu. J. abelusi wamnika Inani lamaxabiso ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo ukukwazi ukuphonononga kumazwe ezintsha, izilwane ezifuywayo; uphuhliso lorhwebo, imisebenzi yobugcisa, ubugcisa, inzululwazi, kunye nabanye. Imisebenzi umalusi ngokubanzi idibana nemibono Kant kaThixo, bathi impumelelo inkcubeko kunye nophuhliso engqondweni. Kant wayekholelwa ukuba ukusekwa yoxolo jikelele yeyona njongo wafuna yi zoluntu.

KaZwelonke World neNkcubeko

Inkcubeko yinkqubo multilevel. It zingahlulwa ngokwala ecaleni yenethiwekhi. Qwaba, ngokuxhomekeka ngalo, inkcubeko yesizwe kunye nehlabathi. Ihlabathi Yindibanisela kwimpumelelo intle iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kazwelonke kunye nabantu abahlala iplanethi yethu.

KaZwelonke, nayo, Yindibanisela zeenkcubeko amaqela ezentlalo, iiklasi kunye namaqela uluntu. okuvela wayo, ukuba nentsusa kwento kunye nokwahluka ibonakalisiwe bobabini engabonakali (ulwimi, inkolo, ubugcisa, umculo, uncwadi), kunye nezinto (kwisithethe kwimveliso kunye nabasebenzi, ingakumbi basebe-).

inkcubeko zokomoya izinto

Inkcubeko kwakhona yahlulwe kwisizukulwana neentlobo. Sisiseko eli candelo - iindidi zemisebenzi yoluntu. Kukho inkcubeko yokomoya eziphathekayo. Nangona kunjalo, eli candelo rhoqo ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, kuba eneneni vzaimopronikaemy kwaye zihlobene. Ezinye iingcali zenkcubeko bakholelwa ukuba iindidi ezithile zenkcubeko zinxulumene kuphela izinto ezingafanelekanga nangokomoya. Bathi okugcwele yonke inkqubo yayo. Oku, eziphilayo, ezopolitiko inkcubeko kubuhle, ezoqoqosho.

Culture nobuntu

Inkcubeko ngokwembali yanxulunyaniswa nobuntu, njengoko njengesiseko kuyo - umlinganiselo lophuhliso loluntu. Kanjalo ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu okanye ukukhula kobuchule musa bazichaze inqanaba yenkcubeko yoluntu, ukuba kukho abantu. Ngoko ke, humanization yoluntu yokukala wayo. Injongo yale namasiko kungaba ingathatyathwa zonke-round nophuhliso lomntu.

nemisebenzi yenkcubeko

Belapho kakhulu, siya uluhlu kuphela ezona ziphambili. Umsebenzi eziphambili humanistic okanye ngumntu-creative. Yonke eminye imisebenzi ezidibene ngandlel nayo. Mhlawumbi bathi balinikwe kuyo.

Umsebenzi ibalulekileyo inkcubeko ukutshintshwa amava lwentlalo. Kwakhona ngokuba ulwazi, okanye umsebenzi phambili zembali. Isiko inkqubo ngumqondiso esimbaxa - le yindlela kuphela apho amava ekuhlaleni uluntu wadlula ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye, lwezizukulwana ngezizukulwana, ukusuka kwisizukulwana ngesizukulwana. Oku kwenzeka ke ngoko ngokuba memory loluntu lonke uluntu. Ukuba ukuqhubeka yophukile, izizukulwana ezintsha bagwetyelwe kwilahleko memory lwentlalo.

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo inkcubeko - epistemological (cognitive level). Lo msebenzi ngokusondeleyo ukuya kowokuqala. Inkcubeko igxininisa amava kwizizukulwana ezininzi, efaka ulwazi yehlabathi yaye ngaloo ndlela yokwenza isimo kuphuhliso kunye kwingqiqo.

Regulatory (ezilawulayo) umsebenzi enxulumene kwinkcazelo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kumaqela kunye nemisebenzi kunye nentlalo yabantu. Culture kuchaphazela ukuziphatha komntu kubomi bemihla ngemihla, umsebenzi, nobudlelwane nabanye abantu. UMthetho izenzo kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu, kwaye nkqu ezahlukeneyo izinto zokomoya nezinto eziphathekayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nowolawulo isekelwe phezu komthetho nokuziphatha njengoko kwinkqubo yolawulo.

Sign (semiotic) - omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Inkcubeko - inkqubo uphawu. It busenza ukuba ulwazi ngayo, yayo phezu. Master impumelelo yayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukufunda iinkqubo mqondiso.

Axiological (lamaxabiso) umsebenzi nayo ibalulekile kakhulu. Isiko inkqubo maxabiso. Oku kwenza abantu yokuqhelaniswa axiological ezithile kunye neembono. Ngokutsho izinga lomgangatho thina badla kugweba abantu bazo inkcubeko. Umxholo okrelekrele yokuziphatha edla uvavanyo njengekhrayitheriya.

Ukuvela nezifundo zenkcubeko

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba wabonakala ingcamango "nezifundo zenkcubeko" kuthelekiswa kutshanje, ngasekupheleni 19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20. Abaphandi baye baqala ukusebenzisa ngayo kunye nye. Umzekelo, E. B. Taylor, semvelaphi IsiNgesi kunye ethnographer, wanika isihloko ilandelayo kwisahluko sokuqala sencwadi yakhe, nâzo 1871 ( "Culture lwasekuqaleni"): ". Inzululwazi nenkcubeko" A V. F. Ostvald,-sobulumko isiJamani physics wemithi, ngo-1915 "kwinkqubo inzululwazi" isindululo ukubiza iseti uphando kunye nolwazi kwishishini ngeendlela zokusebenza ukuba ngokungqalileyo yabantu, "nezifundo zenkcubeko", okanye "inzululwazi yempucuko."

Le isayensi kwimbali yayo elifutshane kuphunyeziwe kwizigaba ezininzi lasungulwa kunye nophuhliso. Imbali nezifundo zenkcubeko ukuphawula ukusekwa iqela leendlela. Ukongeza, oku kwaqaqambisa imifuziselo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Namhlanje siyazi iindlela ezintathu ezingundoqo apho isayensi kumiselwa nezifundo zenkcubeko. Ngokufutshane chaza ngamnye kubo.

iindlela ezintathu

Okokuqala, kukho iseti lwamacandelo ukuba ukufunda inkcubeko. Okwesibini, kukho icandelo elikhethekileyo lwamacandelo zentlalo wobuntu. Kule meko, oku isayensi isifundo inkcubeko isekelwe kwiindlela zabo (umzekelo, kwintanda-bulumko nenkcubeko). Okwesithathu, yinto uqeqesho lwenzululwazi ozimeleyo, nto leyo eye neempawu ezizodwa.

Siya kuqwalasela intloko into nezifundo zenkcubeko ukusuka kwindawo le ndlela yokugqibela.

Injongo kunye nomxholo Studies Cultural

Le yinto inzululwazi - iseti iinkqubo ezithile umgangatho ngezimanga ezikhona, iimpawu zayo eziphambili, ubume engaphakathi, imithetho yophuhliso kunye nokusebenza kakhulu eyahlukileyo kwezinye izinto sale nyaniso. Isifundo yomdla ezixeliweyo izazinzulu kuphononongo kwingingqi ethile leyinene. Kucacile ukuba inkcubeko inokufana intloko into yokufunda. Njengoko into kucingwa ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yeli gama. Xa lento uyijonga, oko kudla kuchazwa iseti ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi yabantu, apho idluliselwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana vnebiologicheski (yimfundo kunye noqeqesho). Le nto ezendeleyo nezifundo zenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kuye kodwa zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kunye noluntu.

Njengoko isifundo, ngoko kwiincwadi Russian kukho amanqaku 2 umbono. Eyokuqala ukuba inkcubeko "ngengqiqo nemxinwa eli gama." Uphando umdla kule meko ngqo kule miba ilandelayo jikelele obenziwa ngabantu;

- a, inkqubo semiotic lokomfuziselo (BA Uspensky, Yu M. Lotman.);

- uzinzo phakathi izixhobo nokuqonda yentshukumo zayo yonke, oko kukuthi, norms yoluntu (A. Ya ukubhabha.);

- iseti iintsingiselo kunye neemfundiso ezisisiseko (AA Radugin, NS Chavchavadze).

Le mbono yesibini unxulumene School Leningrad (Ikonnikova, Kagan, Bol'shakov et al.). Ngokutsho kwakhe, ngokuba nezifundo zenkcubeko ibalulekile ekufundeni inkcubeko akukho nje kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele yokusebenza kwalo. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba ucinge ngayo njengenkqubo yonke.

Model (species) Studies yeNkcubeko

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubunzima yokufumanisa injongosenzi kunye into yokufunda izifundo ezenkcubeko ingakumbi inkcubeko, nto leyo unxulumano phakathi komntu ihlabathi ngeenxa zonke kuye kuvuka. Ukongeza, kuba luhlobo elikhethekileyo yobukho ezendeleyo kuluntu kunye ngamnye. Ngoko ke, oko ifundwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, okt besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Namhlanje kukho iindlela ezininzi nezifundo zenkcubeko, kodwa inzululwazi omnye akakafiki wadala. Le mifanekiso isekelwe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela kuphononongo inkcubeko. Baya kungancitshiswa ukuya iintlobo ezisisiseko ezimbalwa. Xa ngamnye kubo ikwaqwalasela nemiba ethile nezifundo zenkcubeko. Ngokufutshane luluphawu ngamnye kubo.

ifilosofi Cultural ichaza undoqo inkcubeko, eyahluke ngayo ukusuka kwindalo. Umsebenzi ophambili ngayo ukuchaza nokuqonda ngokuthi ngokuhlalutya iimpawu kakhulu kwaye ngokufanayo kuyo. Injongo yokufunda kule modeli yindima, imisebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo nenkcubeko kubomi kuluntu kunye ngamnye. Ukongeza, ukuba achonge iintsingiselo ekudalweni nasekusungulweni inkcubeko. Okokugqibela, le modeli ibonisa izizathu ngokuchuma yile ntlekele, amahla ndinyuka.

Yintoni nezifundo zenkcubeko imbali? Asinto nzima ukuba baqashele ukuba usinika ulwazi benkcubeko ethile kwindawo nexesha elithile nembali. Noko ke, nendaba yayo thile ngokubanzi. It is a wommandla, kuzwelonke, inkcubeko yehlabathi okanye enxulumene kwixesha elithile. Le modeli ithi izibakala, uchaza obubonakala kunye neziganeko yayo kuyo, lo gama ngokugxininisa impumelelo ebalaseleyo abantu. Ezi imisebenzi ezingundoqo nezifundo zenkcubeko nezembali.

Siye sahlolisisa zonke iimodeli (Ukrainian lunee). Oko Uphanda nezifundo zenkcubeko yokuhlalisana? Iqwalasela nesenzeko zentlalo nenkcubeko kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka eluntwini. Le modeli ufunda ukusebenza oluntu inkcubeko liphela. Kodwa hayi kuphela. Studies iinjongo yeNkcubeko lwezenhlalo zibandakanya ukufunda usiko ngamnye.

Sichubeka ukuqwalasela imodeli elilandelayo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ndithi, nokuba izifundo nezifundo zenkcubeko psychoanalytic. Uqwalasela ingxaki ubuntu, nto leyo yenza njengoko umboleki kunye umdali kwimpumelelo yempucuko. isifundo yaso iimpawu ngabanye ngokunxulumene ndoda ukuba inkcubeko, ukubalasela yokuziphatha yakhe ngokomoya.

Ethnological (uhlanga) nezifundo zenkcubeko uvavanya amasiko nezithethe, izithethe, iinkolelo kunye iintsomi. Ukongeza, ukuba unomdla kwindlela pre-mveliso lobomi, kubantu bemveli kunye nezizwe lwakudala.

philological Cultural sele ukufunda inkcubeko kuzwelonke iintsomi, iincwadi kunye nolwimi.

We bechaza iintlobo zalo ezisisiseko okanye umfuziselo. Umbuzo: "Yintoni na nezifundo zenkcubeko?" Saphendula thina. Siya ndithi kuni ngoku, ezinye iinkalo kunye nenzululwazi kuyo esinxibelelana.

Ukusebenzisana amacandelo entlalo-wobuntu

Inkcubeko kuthiwa 'yindalo yesibini ". Eli binzana kukuye Democritus, sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike. Inkcubeko akukho esasulela yesayensi, kodwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa imfundo, uqeqesho, intshayelelo kuyo. Cinga indlela izilangazelelo inzululwazi esinxibelelana kwezinye iinkalo zentlalo-wobuntu. Bonke bephela bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini kulandelayo:

- abo into inzululwazi leyo kwabiwa ngokungqinelana uhlobo lwemisebenzi ezizodwa (umzekelo, imfundo, izifundo zonqulo, izifundo zobugcisa, inzululwazi kwezopolitiko, njl nenzululwazi kwezoqoqosho.);

- inzululwazi le imiba jikelele zezinto ezenziwa luluntu (lwezenhlalo, ngokwasengqondweni, yembali, kunye nabanye.).

Uphuhliso nezifundo zenkcubeko kwenzeka kubanjiswene kunye neqela lokuqala. Apha sinomdla nesayensi lisebenza imihlaba yokuqaphela ahlukeneyo. Wayezibuza ukuba ingafunyanwa ezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo yophuhliso kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, inkolo kunye namanye amanqanaba umsebenzi. Ngonxibelelwano iqela lesibini unikelwa ubuchule yenkcubeko ezithile ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngaphakathi naliphi na eyoluntu iprofayile kwezentlalo.

Ukudibana ne-imbali, ezizwe, kudala nefilosofi

Cima ukuzalana yenzululwazi kunye nembali. Nam incwadi enye kwimbali lugqityiwe ngaphandle ibali kwimpumelelo amasiko ixesha, malunga kubomi benkcubeko zabantu. Ukongeza, unomdla kwisayensi iphathelene ezizwe, inxaxheba kuphando iimpawu zenkcubeko kunye nendlu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo thina. Archaeology izinto kuhlala ubomi babantu ukufunda imbali yoluntu. Kodwa ke impumelelo inkcubeko - zokomoya izinto ezixabisekileyo.

iindlela zakudala ukuvumela ukufunda impumelelo kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye zaphawula. Philosophy kwakhona ezinxulumene nezifundo zenkcubeko. Kuyinto njengesixhobo ulwazi, ukuqikelela, ukutolikwa, wasebenzisa ingcamango yakhe. nezifundo zenkcubeko, kwakunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi, intanda efunekayo, apho onke amasebe ulwazi. Kuyanceda ukuba aqonde undoqo impucuko, ukuvavanya inkampani kunye inqanaba lophuhliso kwenkcubeko kwinkalo ethile.

Ngoko ke wavula umxholo lowu. Xa ndiqukumbela, sidibanisa ukuba namhlanje eli asakhasayo nezifundo zenkcubeko. Iiyunivesithi anika uqeqesho abafundi kule ndawo. Nangona neengcali kummandla kwemfuno nje, nithi, kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, abaninzi abafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo ucinga ulwalathiso "nezifundo zenkcubeko" njengeyona nto iphambili.