Culture lwasekuqaleni. Iimpawu amasiko ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli

Inkcubeko lwasekuqaleni luhlobo kakhulu impucuko ichaza ubomi babantu kuyo yonke imbali. Nangona isibakala sokuba abaphengululi mihla kufuneka nezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo evumela ukuba ukwazi umhla elisondeleyo inkangeleko yabo, kusekho singakwaziyo ebezibekiwe bobukho caveman. Into eyaziwayo ukuba ilixa kuthathwa ixesha elide, kuba abanye izizwe abasahlala ngendlela efanelekileyo. Qho eAfrika naseMzantsi Merika.

amayeza

Phakathi lonke ulwazi bobuqili amayeza, Isimanga, yaba kwindawo yokuqala ukuya apho caveman rhuthu ingqalelo yakhe. Oku kuboniswa le mifanekiso engxondorheni, nto leyo ebonisa izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo kunye nesakhiwo umzimba, amathambo, indawo ngamalungu lwangaphakathi njalo njalo. Xa inkqubo ukufuywa iinkomo olu lwazi ezisetyenziswa unyango okanye, umzekelo, xa upheka.

Ngokuphathelele ukusebenzisa amayeza ngenjongo kokuvuselelwa zabantu, inkcubeko apho womntu eyayingekaphuhli akavumelekanga ukuba enze oku de Mesolithic. amangcwaba yamandulo ibonisa ukuba nokuba ngelo xesha lwanikwa ithuba ukusebenzisa gypsum okanye lomzimba okwalandelwa. Kakade ke, loo mntu waqhubeka ephila. Kodwa ke abantu bamandulo ayikwazanga athi izenzo ezinjalo abafayo, iyeza babekhangeleka into kaThixo. Ngoko ke, bonke oogqirha babalwayo phakathi abangcwele, baba iishaman kunye izihlabo ukuvelisa zonke iintlobo izibonelelo kunye nentlonipho.

zezibalo

Xa elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko Paleolithic cavemen baqalisa ukuba ulwazi. Bona becala zisetyenziselwa ekuvelisweni okanye ukuhanjiswa lahlule ngoxanduva. Ubungqina oku, umzekelo, afumaneka yintoni na kaloku intshuntshe Czech Republic, nto leyo eye iinotshi-20, ababiwa lezabelo 4. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu sele ukwazi ukwenza ezi yokalo emileyo kakhulu elula.

In inkcubeko Neolithic kokubhalwa kwembali woxolo enobutyebi kunye nezinye nolwazi - geometry. umntu wokuqala lutsala ematyeni okanye iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene amanani. Yena ke wabe kulwakhiwo lwezindlu iimilo zejiyometri rhoqo. Oku ngokuqinisekileyo nempembelelo entle intuthuzelo yobomi bemihla ngemihla.

ezafakwa

Intsomi esikweni abangekaphuhli sele indlela ukuqonda ihlabathi, yaye ukuba uthe akeva buya kuvela, akuthandeki ukuba umntu akhule ukuya phezulu owayephila yenkcubeko. Naliphi na inyathelo, zendalo okanye imozulu, akukho ziqondeka abantu ukuze izinto, zonke kwenzekani kwaba engathandekiyo imilingo. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba bacacise, umzekelo, imvula evela kwindawo umbono lwenzululwazi, ukuba uthe wahamba, ngoko wayefuna ngoko okukhona ngaphezulu.

Iinkolelo yinto ekhethekileyo le ndoda kwakudala. Kuphela ngoncedo lwabo akwazi ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Kwiintsomi yamandulo kwakukho izinto ezininzi:

• I intsomi yokuqala banceda abantu ukuba nazigqibo eziliqela iziganeko yangaphandle, yaye zadalwa lunxulumano ubhalo engabonwa.
• Intsomi kungaba okuvela kuyo isiganeko.
• Iinkolelo musa nje yenzeke. Bona zahlanganiswa ngokusekelwe ngokweemvakalelo, imozulu, zendalo, kunye nayiphi na eminye imithetho.
• Kwiintsomi isuka ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, yaba uhlobo ingcamango yiminyanya, nto leyo yanceda ukuba baphile, ukudala intuthuzelo okanye afumane ukutya. Ngoko ke, oko alikwazi kubizwa ngokuba isidalwa ngamnye, ubonakele yonke intsomi ngenxa yamava ezihlangeneyo kwenye uluntu kwakudala.
• Iinkolelo negalelo mazwi, hayi ngaphandle kwabo kwakukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa.

Ngokuthe ngcembe caveman behamba iintsomi, uze emva koko beza iinkolelo yokuqala zonqulo. Ekuqaleni, baba efanayo enye kwenye, ngoko ngakumbi yaye ngamnye ngakumbi.

Iintlobo iinkolo bakudala

Zonke iimpawu inkcubeko eyayingekaphuhli akunalo kuphela iinkolelo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izizwe azuze imali eyimfuneko ulwazi kunye namava, ukuze Ungasa kwinqanaba elitsha, ekukho phakathi ukuyilwa iinkolo, owokuqala apho sele kwi Paleolithic. Ezinye zeziganeko ezenzeka kubo abantu, baye bafunda ukuba achaze, kodwa abanye babe nabo ukuba umlinganiswa omlingo. Kukho inkolelo yokuba kukho amandla amakhulu inokuyichaphazela kwisiphumo ekuzingeleni okanye ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.

inkcubeko lwasekuqaleni siqulathe iinkolo ezininzi zimelwe kule theyibhile ingezantsi.

Emva kwabo, kukho inkolo ebizwa ngokuba sinqule. Ngokutsho kwakhe le ndoda umphefumlo wakhe. Emva kokufa kwakhe, yena zimke bekhangela "isingxobo" ezintsha. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba ngokufuthi wayengakwazi ukufumana iqokobhe, waza ke waqalisa ekukruqulayo nezalamane oswelekileyo njenge ncam.

Ukukholelwa, sinokuthi, na ongukhokho wazo zonke iinkolo mihla, kuba kukho sele kubonakala kokufa, nasiphi na isithixo yena owongamela konke imiphefumlo kwiqokobhe kwaye ngaphandle kwayo, kwakunye izithethe yokuqala omngcwabo. Yiyo nale nkolelo waya isiko ukuba ashiye izihlobo abafileyo, kunye nabo bonke iimbasa.

Nokuqala art yoncwadi

Ukuba ucinge loo era elikhulu-isikali, njengoko inkcubeko nobu-, ngokufutshane, kuya kuba nzima ukuba ukuphuhlisa umxholo we kwiincwadi ixesha. Inkangeleko imisebenzi yokuqala asikwazanga esisigxina, ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho ulwimi olubhaliweyo. Kwaye kukho intsomi okanye iintsomi ezahlukeneyo nje angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi.

Kodwa, ukuba ukhangela ngemizobo umqolomba, kubonakala ukuba abantu baqonde ngokucacileyo into afuna ukuba idlulisele inzala yabo. Ngako oko, kwabakho ilejendi ezithile pre sisentlokweni yakhe. Kukholelwa ukuba Ekuthwaseni zobugcisa boncwadi zibonakele ngamaxesha kokubhalwa kwembali. Kuphela ngamabali yomlomo wakwazi ukuba kwenzekile oku okanye intsomi kwisizukulwana esilandelayo.

ubugcisa Visual

Primitive inkcubeko art uye savela kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphezu koko, ukubaluleka kwayo lwalulude kwixesha langoku. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba abantu babe nako ukubhala kwaye bavakalise konke oko akucingayo ngamagama. Ngoko ke, kungenzeka kuphela unxibelelwano ayikwazanga kuphela arts. Ngoncedo wayo, ngasendleleni, kukho iindidi olulandelenayo, kuquka imathematika kunye namayeza.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inkcubeko abangekaphuhli akazange athathe imifanekiso nokuzoba. Ngoncedo lwabo, abantu, umzekelo, afumana intsikelelo totem iinkomo zakhe, obonisa oko emakhayeni abo. Abazange waphawula indima iipatheni zokuhombisa, yaye kuphela ukudlulisela ulwazi, ukuba zibonise ukholo lwabo njalo njalo.

Kwiindawo bakudala ngokufuthi zipeyintwe izilwanyana. Abantu kubonisiwe iindawo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana okanye amalungu zabo. Inyaniso kukuba sonke ubomi yelo xesha eyayithanda kuzingela. Ke ukuba basemgodini zoluntu wamisa umdlalo kungeniswe, akuthandeki ukuba umntu uya kuba nako ukusinda.

Kukho enye inkalo yobuciko rock. Amagcisa Primitive na olinganise ibonwe. Baye uzobe ibhokhwe yasezintabeni omkhulu, ecaleni nto leyo omkhulu encinane. Ukuqonda olinganise wabonakala kamva kwaye uluntu lokuqala. Kwakhona, izilwanyana akazange achazwe ukuma, bathi basoloko kwisenzeko (ukubaleka okanye zangqisha).

Ukuvela amagcisa

Yonke impumelelo inkcubeko eyayingekaphuhli kungathathwa amancinane xa kuthelekiswa yokuba siye sakwazi ukuba seengcibi. Abantu belo xesha wenza ngokuhlangeneyo, ukuba ngaba into kwaye baqeqeshwe, abazange bakwazi ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu yobungcali. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwezolimo itshintshile, kwakukho amagcisa abo ubomi bakhe bonke abakule mnye kwimeko ethile, ufunde ukuba izakhono. Ngenxa yoko, abanye incula bakhiwe atsalwa umdlalo yesibini, abanye izityalo abadala baphathwa yesine njalo njalo.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, abantu baqalisa ukucinga olo tshintshano. Abahlali waqala ukubonakala singafani ngaphambili, xa amaqhina negazi isibaluli yokuhlala. Abalimi bayeka ngumhlaba otyebileyo, iingalo abenzi - kufuphi enkwalini eyayingekaphuhli okanye emigodini, potters - udongwe apho olomeleleyo. Abazingeli nayo zange wahlala kuloo ndawo, bafudukela, kuxhomekeke abafuduki isilwanyana.

Nganye kwezi ndawo, wavuka awunazo ntoni, abantu baqalisa ukutshintsha izinto ezahlukeneyo. Enye wanika ezinye izitya okanye ngamakhubalo totem, ingasizakali imifuno, abanye batshintsha imipu zabo phezu inyama. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku yintoni eyabangela ukuyilwa izixeko, yaye kamva - izele amazwe.

periodization

Lonke uluntu ukuzazi yahlulwe izihlandlo eziliqela. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba izinto ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso kwezixhobo ngalo naliphi na ixesha. I wokuqala lide ubudala yamatye. Ngoko, ke, nazo yahlulwe izigaba ezininzi: Paleolithic, Mesolithic kunye Neolithic. Ngelo xesha, ukuba umntu abe, ubugcisa, neentsomi, obuvelisiweyo kunye nezixhobo eziphuculweyo asakhasayo.

Emva kokuba uphuhliso ngesinyithi yenzekile, inkcubeko ingakumbi ibizezamandulo ngokwemigaqo inguqu ebonakalayo. Ngenxa ukufunyanwa sobhedu iqala eneolit okanye Neenkophe mednokamenny. Ngoku abantu bafunde zobugcisa ukwabelana, njengoko ngenxa yonyango metal kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba kwakukho kuphela abo ixesha elaneleyo ukuba baphuhlise izakhono zabo.

Emva kokuvula yobhedu lobhedu, nto leyo eneneni lenkosikazi yobhedu ngoko nangoko njengoko kumcacele kakhulu. Kukho kuza iBronze Age. Kukho ke uluntu yokuqala apho kukho ukwahlulwa ngokweendidi, kodwa aninako bathi ukuba zange yenzeke ngaphambili. Kwakhona le xesha NdinguMenzi izixeko yokuqala kunye namazwe.

Ngenxa ukufunyanwa lweepropati zentsimbi kunye nobudala intsimbi kwenzeka. Asizizo zonke iintsapho xesha onokubangela ize isebenze metal wathi, ngoko kwezinye iindawo kuhamba indlela ende kuphuhliso yayo. Ngaphezu koko, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukufowunela era likumgangatho entsha, kodwa hayi bonke States nako ukuzibandakanya nayo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngexesha ngalinye maxesha ukuba ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto kwimveliso. Amagama abo wafumana kuphela ngokungqinelana ngakumbi ubukho bezinto izinto ekrwada ezisetyenzisiweyo.

iingcinga ngabathunwa Taylor inkcubeko emidala

igalelo elikhulu kulwazi lwangoku, savelisa ethnographer IsiNgesi, ngubani wayenomdla gqitha inkcubeko lokuqala. Teylor E. B. wapapasha incwadi, nto leyo ichaza ngokweenkcukacha zonke iingcinga zakhe, Kakade, eqinisekisa iinkcukacha zabo. Ngokomzekelo, waba ngowokuqala ukuba aveze into yokuba uluntu ixesha ekhulisa ngokucothayo kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu esilula. Yeyona ukungabikho kulwimi olubhaliweyo. Xa abantu, akuzange kube lula ukuqokelela ayidlulisele iinkcukacha njengoko ukuze umntu namhlanje. Yaye wonk 'wafunda into entsha namava abo, ezo, ngokuzenzekelayo, izihlandlo eziliqela kuluntu eyahlukileyo okanye ekuhlaleni.

Kukho ezinye iingqikelelo malunga nokuba kutheni kuphuhliswa inkcubeko kangaka kade kwakudala. Taylor yathi yaphakamisa ukuba oku kwenzeka nje ngenxa yokunqongophala yokubhala. Cavemen bafunda ukuphila amava zazo zeniyo babe obulalayo. Noko ke, emva kokuba iimpazamo kanje iqala kuluntu lonke ukuqonda ukuba into esinokwenziwa. Ngenxa yoko, umphumo kuphuhliso imodeli decelerates, abantu nje ndoyika ukuzama ukwenza ngenye indlela.

mbali abaninzi musa ukwabelana ingcamango yokuba uluntu bakudala kukho qheke kwiinkqubo zentlalo. Noko ke, Taylor wacinga ngenye indlela. Abo egqibelele ulwazi lwabo isiko, ubambe isikhundla esikhethekileyo ekuhlaleni, ihlonitshwe kwaye kaninzi izipho servings ezingaphezulu ukutya okanye indawo yokuhlala engcono nekhuselekileyo.

umsebenzi odumileyo

Xa siqwalasela indlela elithile ezifana inkcubeko nobu-, ngokufutshane, singakwazi ukuthatha njengesiseko phantse na indawo emhlabeni. Oku kungenxa yokuba ekuqaleni yonke imibutho ukuba wakha wabonakala ehlabathini, kuphuhliswa ngendlela efanayo. Taylor "Culture lwasekuqaleni 'yakhe wachaza iziganeko ezininzi ixesha, yaye onke Ilizwi kuqinisekisa into, nokuba zakudala ufumana okanye imibhalo yokuqala nangqondo.

Ngokutsho Tylor, inkcubeko ibizezamandulo namhlanje phantsi kakhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abaninzi namhlanje bakholelwa ukuba xesha zasendle. Oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa inxenye kuphela. Ukuba lo mzuzu umntu ucinga kalukhuni, ndoxelelwa ngubani izembe aqingqiweyo, ngubani wancedisa ukuzingelwa ndlovu, njengoko imveliso ngoosiyazi bumbling, akubonakali ukucinga ngento eyayiza kwenzeka, akazange athathe i lizingela wamandulo le mveliso ezandleni zenu.

Inkcubeko era ukuzazi umdla ngeenjongo zophando. Nangona isibakala sokuba izazinzulu ezininzi jonga ingqalelo kuyo yakho, kukho inani engenamda izinto eyay kunye bokuba. Kukho uqikelelo kuphela yeengcinga. Enyanisweni, akukho bani uqinisekileyo ukuba oku okanye ukupeyinta rock libhekisela kwisiganeko okanye isenzo esithile. Prehistory njengoko lubizwa, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi esingenakucaciswa namhlanje, nkqu ezingqondweni mihla brilliant and technology.