Wesekethe jinga - oku ... I-siseko ukusebenza

wesekethe jinga - isixhobo lokuvelisa (ukudala) of oscillations kagesi. Ukususela ekusekweni kwayo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi ngenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe ukusuka kubomi bemihla ngemihla ukuya mveliso enkulu ukuvelisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.

Of oko luqulathe ntoni?

Umphathi wesekethe oscillation luquka coil kunye capacitor. Ukongeza, kusenokuba kukho resistor langoku (variable ukunganyangeki isuntswana). An inductor (okanye solenoid, njengoko maxa wambi ebizwa) uswazi apho engathi ukuba inxeba maleko eziliqela, nto leyo ngokubanzi i ucingo yobhedu. Yiyo le nto idale oscillations kwisekethe oscillatory. Bha, ibekwe phakathi, wayedla ngokuba ziliminxe, okanye engundoqo, kwaye coil wambi kuthiwa solenoid.

jinga coil yesekethe kudala oscillations kuphela xa kwentlawulo agciniweyo. Xa edlula i zangoku kuyo, oko oluhlala isimangalo ngoko Nonika zeesekethe xa ombane tsakisi.

iingcingo coil jikelele ukumelana eliphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo isoloko rhoqo. Umphathi wesekethe oscillation yesekethe kaninzi kwenzeka utshintsho ombane kunye kul. Olu tshintsho kuxhomekeke imithetho ethile izibalo:

• U = U ₀ * cos (w * (TT _0), apho
  U - ombane ngexesha t,
  U ₀ - ombane ngexesha t _0,
  w - amaza oscillations kagesi.

Enye into ebalulekileyo wesekethe yinto capacitor sombane. Le nto iquka amacwecwe amabini ezahlulwa a Heating. Ububanzi nwebu phakathi electrode lingaphantsi kwe ngobukhulu. Le kuyilo ivumela ukuba yande nge-yokwambathisa kagesi, leyo ke ukuthumela kumphathi wesekethe.

Ngokungafaniyo capacitor battery kukuba akukho ukuguqulwa kwezinto ngayo umbane, kwaye kukho olwenzeka ngqo kwentlawulo esigangeni yombane. Ngenxa yoko, nge capacitor kunokuba zibe nkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze yande isigxina, nto leyo inokunikwa bonke ngaxeshanye. Kulo mzekelo, i yangoku kwisekethe inyuswe kakhulu.

Kwakhona, wesiphaluka oscillation yenziwa isiqalelo omnye: a resistor. Le element siyakwazi ukumelana kunye nokulawula ngoku kunye ombane kwisekethe. Ukuba a ombane rhoqo ukwandisa kweelana le resistor, i ngoku iza kuncipha umthetho Ohm esithi:

• I = U / R, apho
  I - ngoku,
  U - ombane,
  R - ukuxhathisa.

inductor

Makhe sihlolisise kwi zonke iinkcukacha inductor kunye elingcono uza ukuqonda umsebenzi wayo kwisekethe resonant. Njengokuba besesitshilo, umlo lwesi sakhi luzobe zero. Ngoko, xa idityaniswe kwisiphaluka DC luzakwenzeka mfutshane-kombane. Noko ke, ukuba coil eqhagamshelwe wesekethe AC, iyasebenza ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba element unalo amelane alternating current.

Kodwa kutheni oku kunye nokumelana kwenzeka njani xa ifildi ngoku? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo simele sibuyele isenzeko of self-inductance. Ngokuhamba Ikhoyili yangoku kuyo kukho amandla electromotive (EMF), nto leyo idala sisithintelo utshintsho yangoku. Ubukhulu la mandla kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini: nomsinga coil kunye yemvelaphi ngokuphathelele ixesha. Ngokwezibalo, oku kuxhomekeka kukuba oluvakaliswe lenxaki:

• E = -L * I '(t), apho
  E - EMF,
  L - ixabiso inductance le coil (ngokuba coil ngamnye wahlukile kwaye kuxhomekeke kwinani engathi ze jiko kunye nezinyuko sabo)
  I '(t) - ixesha yemvelaphi ngoku (umyinge utshintsho langoku).

DC Power ngokuhamba kwexesha akawatshintshi loo manqaku, ngoko ukuxhathisa yayo xa isetyenziswe kuvela.

Kodwa AC onke parameters zayo rhoqo ukutshintsha umthetho sinusoidal okanye cosine, ebangela amandla electromotive, nto leyo ethintela olu tshintsho. ukumelana kuthiwa yoqheliso kwaye ibalwa ifomula:

• X _L = w * _L, apho
  wesekethe oscillation kwamaza, - w
  L - inductance le coil.

Le ngobunzulu zangoku kwi solenoid linearly kwandisa kwaye unciphisa ngokunxulumene nemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa uyeka ukuqukuqela ngoku Ikhoyili, iya kuqhubeka ixesha elithile ukunika isigxina kwisekethe. Kwaye ukuba oku umngena emlonyeni ithombo lwangoku, apho kuya ukubulawa ngokudutyulwa ngenxa yokuba isigxina iza kuzama ukufumana phandle kuthunyelwa coil. Le - yingxaki kakhulu kwimveliso mveliso. Le isiphumo (nangona ngokupheleleyo ezinxulumene wesekethe oscillation) inokubonakalisa, umzekelo, xa ukhupha iplagi. Kulo mzekelo imigqomo yintlantsi kwisikali ayide ikwazi ukwenzakalisa umntu. Kungenxa yokuba lo mhlaba otsalayo akuthethi shwaka ngoko nangoko, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe dissipated, ngokuphembelela imisinga kwezinye abaqhubi. Xa isikali industrial amandla ngoku amaxesha amaninzi ezinkulu kuno volts zethu kunesiqhelo 220, ngoko ke uphazamiseko kwi kwikhonkco kwimveliso kungabangela iintlantsi amandla enjalo eya kubangela elininzi lokonakalisa indlela esebenza zombini isityalo umntu.

Coil - sisiseko ukuba apho wesekethe oscillation na. wongezelela Inductor solenoids ifakiwe ngokulandelelana. Okulandelayo, simele sijonge kwi zonke iinkcukacha isakhiwo loo element.

Yintoni inductance?

coil Inductance yesekethe jinga - kuba ngabanye parameter ukuba ngamanani ulingane nomkhosi electromotive (e volts), nto leyo eyenzeka kwisiphaluka xa ukwahluka yangoku ka 1 A 1 yesibini. Ukuba solenoid oludityaniswe kwisiphaluka DC, inductance yayo uchaza amandla kukho mhlaba otsalayo, eyenziwe yile yangoku yi ifomula:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2, apho
  W - amandla zibuthe.

lomlingani inductance kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi: wew geometry we solenoid, iimpawu kazibuthe engundoqo kunye nenani nocingo wire. Enye inkalo zesi salathisi kukuba usoloko HIV, kuba yezahlukileyo apho luxhomekeke, ngeke negative.

Le inductance kwakhona singachazwa njengento ipropati umqhubi ne energy ivenkile yangoku entsimini ngemagnethi. It akalwa Henry (igama emva sisazinzulu American Dzhozefa Genri).

Koko circuit oscillation solenoid iquka capacitor, eza kuxoxwa apha.

capacitor electric

Capacitance umiselwa oscillator wesekethe capacitance yombane capacitor. bembonakalo yayo iye ibhalwe ngentla. Ngoku makhe sihlolisise nokwakheka iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kuwo.

Ekubeni iipleyiti capacitor ezenziwe umqhubi, ngoko njengamaza yangoku yombane. Noko ke, phakathi amacwecwe amabini yi mqobo. Yokwambathisa (kokuba kuba umoya, iinkuni okanye ezinye izinto kunye nokumelana eliphezulu Ngenxa yokuba isigxina awukwazi ukuhamba ukusuka kwesinye isiphelo ngocingo uye enye, kukho ukuqokelela ukuba amacwecwe capacitor oko kwandisa amandla Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane. emasimini ngeenxa zonke. Ngoko, xa ukupheliswa yoyalo aqhubeke wonke umbane emalunga amacwecwe, iqala ukuba idluliselwe kumphathi wesekethe.

capacitor ngalinye ombane rated, kangangoko ukusebenza kwayo. Ukuba elide ukuwonakalisa element kwi ombane ngaphezu ngegama, ixesha lifinyele kakhulu. Le capacitor kumphathi wesekethe oscillatory uhlala abachatshazelwa imisinga ngoko xa ekhethiweyo kufuneka silumke kakhulu.

Ukongeza capacitors eqhelekileyo, ebekuthethwe ngazo, kukho kwakhona zikagesi capacitors umaleko kabini. Le yinkalo ngxuba: oko Isenokuchazwa umnqamlezo phakathi ibhetri kunye capacitor. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le Heating in electric capacitors umaleko kabini-mzimba zizinto eziphilayo, phakathi nto leyo electrolyte. Bobabini ukudala .lulwaleko yombane kabini, nto leyo evumela ukuba yande kule kuyilo kwi amandla amaxesha ngaphezu kokuba capacitor oluqhelekileyo.

Yintoni na umthamo a capacitor?

Capacitance le capacitor lulwahlulo yoyalo capacitor ukuya ombane apho emi kuyo. Bala le Ixabiso lingaba elula kakhulu ngoncedo buboniswe:

• C = (e ₀ * S) / d, apho
  e ₀ - ukusoloko Heating umbandela Heating (ixabiso tabular)
  S - indawo ye amacwecwe capacitor,
  d - umgama phakathi amacwecwe.

Ukuxhomekeka le capacitance le capacitor kumgama phakathi electrode sicacisiwe yi isenzeko yoqheliso electrostatic ingaphantsi kwe umgama phakathi iipleyiti, kokukhona kuchaphazela ezinye (coulomb) nganye, kokukhona i electrode isigxina noxinezeleko ngaphantsi. Kwaye xa ixabiso ombane ukuba ukukhula amandla, kuba nazo echazwe kule ndlela ilandelayo:

• C = q / U, apho
  q - icala coulombs.

Oku ukuthetha malunga iiyunithi zemilinganiselo yale nobungakanani. Capacitance ulinganiswa farads. 1 farad - ixabiso elikhulu ngokwaneleyo, ngoko capacitors ekhoyo (hayi supercapacitors) ube capacitance ulinganiswa picofarads (enye trillionth farad).

resistor

I zangoku kwi sekethe resonant kukwaxhomekeke kweelana kumphathi wesekethe. Kwaye ngaphandle izinto ezimbini ezichazwe ezakha isekethe jinga (coil, capacitor), kukho sesithathu - a resistor. Unoxanduva ekudaleni side. Resistor yohlukile kwezinye izinto kuba siyakwazi ukumelana ophezulu, nto leyo zinokohluka kwezinye imifanekiso. Umphathi wesekethe resonant lenza umsebenzi wolawulo lwamandla lo mhlaba otsalayo. Kuyenzeka ukudibanisa resistors eziliqela series okanye ngaxeshanye, ngaleyo ndlela kwande kweelana kumphathi wesekethe.

Luvukelo lwesi sakhi ixhomekeke amaqondo obushushu, ngoko ukhathalelo kufuneka asiwe umsebenzi wayo kwisekethe, ekubeni itshiswe ngexesha ingxingwa yangoku.

Le uxhathiso ulinganiswa ohms, yaye ixabiso layo kungaba ibalwe kusetyenziswa ifomula:

• R = (p * l) / S, apho
  p - izinto resistivity resistor (lijongwe (Ohm * mm ²⁾ / m);
  l - Ubude resistors (ngeemitha);
  S - indawo yecandelo (in ngemilimitha ezisikwere).

Indlela tie parameters loop?

Ngoku size kufutshane nokwakheka nokusebenza kwisekethe oscillatory. Ekuhambeni kwexesha isigxina Emacebeni capacitor utshintsha ngokohlobo wesibini-order umehluko equation.

Ukuba ukusombulula lenxaki, kubuhlungu ifomula ezithile umdla bechaza iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kwisekethe. Ngokomzekelo, omnye rhoqo elibujikele ingavezwa ngokwemiqathango capacitance kunye inductance.

Noko ke, ifomula kakhulu elula evumela ukuba abale angaziwa ezininzi - Thomson equation (igama emva yamachiza yaseBritani uWilliam Thomson, umtyhobozisi naye 1853):

• T = 2 * f * (L * C) ^1/2.
  T - phakathi oscillations magnetic
  L no C - ngokufanelekileyo, lo inductance ye-coil wesekethe jinga kunye element capacitance wesiphaluka,
  n - le PI inani.

quality factor

Kukho nenye ubungakanani ebalulekileyo eziphawula aya yomsebenzi - nomba esemgangathweni. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na, kufuneka ujonge kule nkqubo ngokuthi ekuvakaleni kwelizwi. Le meko, apho awo uba amandla ubuninzi kwi ixabiso rhoqo, nto leyo ngenkxaso ujingi. Intlokoma uyakwazi ukuchaza kunye umzekelo olula: xa uqala lityhale ujingi nesingqi rhoqo kwabo, baya olungongezwanga, kwaye 'awo' yabo iya kunyuka. Ke ukuba anithanga tyhala isingqi, baya isantya. Xa intlokoma, ngokufuthi uyakhululeka amandla amaninzi. Ukuze ukwazi ukubala ixabiso lentlungu, siye sasungula i parameter ezifana factor esemgangathweni. It is a 'ngumlingani ka elingana umlinganiselo lwamandla, ibekwe kule nkqubo, kwilahleko ezenzeka ngexesha lomjikelo enye kwisekethe.

umgangatho yesekethe factor ibalwa ngokomgaqo wokubala:

• Q = (w ₀ W *) / P, apho
  w ₀ - livakale frequency emboxo of oscillations;
  W - amandla agcinwe kwinkqubo neentshukumo;
  P - amandla ukusasaza.

Le parameter - dimensionless ukususela eneneni kubonisa umlinganiselo energy: agciniweyo ukuba wachitha.

Yintoni na le wesekethe ofanelekileyo jinga

Kuba ukuqonda ngcono iinkqubo kwinkqubo ye physics weza ekuthiwa yesekethe efanelekileyo jinga. Le yinkqubo zezibalo emele wesekethe njengenkqubo ngeqanda uxhathiso. Kuyo kukho oscillations undamped harmonic. Le modeli ivumela ukufumana i parameters yesekethe calculation ifomula luqikelelo. Enye yezi parameters - amandla iyonke:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2.

lula enjalo ekukhawuleziseni kakhulu izibalo ze uvumele ukuhlola iimpawu beesekethe ezineempawu esinye acwangciswe ngaphambili.

Zisebenza njani?

Zonke jinga circuit lomjikelo yokusebenza lungohlulwa lube iinxalenye ezimbini. Ngoku siza kubona ngqo iinkqubo ezenzekayo kulo lonke.

• Le capacitor Isigaba imbasa yokuqala, ityala kakuhle, iqala yokulahlela, sinikela le yangoku kwisekethe. Kweli nqanaba, i ngoku uya ukusuka omhle isimangalo elibi, xa acandacanda coil. Ngenxa yoko, intlokoma kagesi kwenzeka kwisekethe. odlula yangoku nge Ikhoyili, sihamba ukuya ipleyiti yesibini kwaye lisola naso kahle (kanti i electrode yokuqala, apho yangoku wahamba, embi icala).
• Isigaba sesibini ithatha indawo inkqubo elijongene ngqo. I yangoku udlula kwipleyiti entle (leyo Ekuqalekeni ube ekho negative) okubi, edlula kwakhona ngokusebenzisa coil. Kwaye zonke izityholo eyele ndawo.

Lo mjikelo iphindwe yonke imihla capacitor ebizwayo. Xa isekethe ifanelekileyo resonant le nkqubo ongapheliyo, kwaye ilahleko ezona Akunakuphikiswa ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo: i ubushushu ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ubukho uxhathiso kwisekethe (ubushushu esiyijowule), nezinto ezinjengezo.

Embodiments design circuit

Ukongezelela eesekethe "Ikhoyili-capacitor" kunye "coil-resistor-capacitor", kukho ezinye iindlela, esebenzisa njengoko kwisiphaluka njengesiseko oscillation. Oku, umzekelo, isekethi enxuseneyo esibonakala ngazo ukuba kukho isekethe element (kuba njengoko ikhona yedwa, bekuya kuba isekethi series apho kwaxutyushwa kwinqaku).

Kukwakho nezinye iintlobo yokwakha, kuquka izakhi ezahlukeneyo zombane. Umzekelo, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukudibanisa ukuya transistor womnatha ukuvula uze uvale beesekethe rhoqo elilingana amaza oscillation yaloo mmandla. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo iza ukufaka oscillations undamped.

Apho kusetyenziswa wesiphaluka oscillation?

Eyona eziqhelekileyo kuthi ukusetyenziswa yeekhomponenti yesekethe - it abasebenza. Nabo ke, ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo intercom, Motors, abenzi boluvo, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi kangako eqhelekileyo. Enye isicelo - oscillator. Enyanisweni, lo ukusetyenziswa wesekethe uyiqhelile kakhulu kuthi: kule fomu, lisetyenziswa kwi microwave ukudala emazeni unxibelelwano mobile kwaye wireless ukudlulisa ulwazi kumgama. Konke oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba oscillations kwamaza umoya nga enkhowudwa ngendlela yokuba kuya kuba lula ukudlulisa ulwazi phezu imigama emide.

Inductor ngokwayo ingasetyenziswa njengento ngenxa sombane, imibhijelo ezimbini kunye nenani ezahlukeneyo engathi odlula entsimini magnetic isigxina wabo. Kodwa solenoids neempawu ezahlukeneyo, kunye manani ezikhoyo iziphaluka ezibini, abaqhagamshelwe kwi inductance ezimbini ziya kwahluka. Ngaloo ndlela, umntu ukuguqula ombane ukuya kweyangoku, bathi 220 volts kweyangoku kunye lombane volts 12.

isiphelo

Siye iinkcukacha umgaqo wesiphaluka jinga ngenxalenye nganye ngokwahlukeneyo. Siye safumanisa ukuba le sekethe jinga - kwisixhobo esokhiwe ukwenza amaza. Nangona kunjalo, olu kuphela kwiziseko ubucukubhede entsonkothileyo ezi, ezibonakala izinto ezilula. Funda ngakumbi malunga nezo zesekethe kwanangamacandelo alo iincwadi ezikhethekileyo.