Umthetho yokuguga

umthetho Physical yokuguga laliqulunqwe emva 1896 Becquerel wafumanisa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa yemisebe. Kuyinto nuclei sethutyana akucingeleki, ezinye iintlobo nezinye, kwaye wenze ezahlukeneyo iintlobo radiation kunye amasuntswana izinto. Le nkqubo yenzeka ngokwendalo, xa kubonakala izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo yendalo neyenziweyo, kwimeko kokufumana ezi ngayo zenyukliya. Undoqo lwahlulwe, loo nto ithathwa unina, kodwa kwaba - a ancedisayo. Ngamanye amazwi, umthetho esisiseko ukubola radioactive kuquka inkqubo engenasizathu zendalo wokuguqula ezingundoqo omnye komnye.

Uphononongo lubonise ubukho Becquerel uranium iityuwa kwemitha ngaphambili ayaziwa, nto leyo echaphazela kwipleyiti lokufota, izele ion umoya yaye impahla adlule ubhityile ipleyiti yesinyithi. Yemifuniselo of M. Pierre Curie kunye Radium kunye ಪೇನ್ ipheyini yaqinisekisa nokurhoxa, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, kwaye inzululwazi, ayilogama litsha, ebizwa imfundiso ka radiation.

Le ngcamango, nto leyo ibonisa umthetho ukubola radioactive, lusekelwe kwintekelelo yenkqubo zidityaniswe, leyo ke eya kuxhomekeka manani. Ekubeni nuclei ngabanye ukubola ngokuzimeleyo enye kwenye, loo nto ithathwa ukuba umyinge inani wabola kwisithuba sexesha ngokomlinganiselo ixesha inkqubo ukuvalwa nondecomposed. Ukuba landela i umthetho bomtya, inani ucutho zakutshanje kakhulu.

Ubunzulu isenzeko uphawuleka iimpawu ezimbini ezibalulekileyo yokukhanya: Ngo-ekuthiwa nesiqingatha-ubomi kunye nuclei radioactive kweminwe sredneraschitanny zobomi. Okokuqala ikwatshintsha phakathi amaqhezu sesibini izigidi zezigidi kwiminyaka. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ezi nuclei musa baguge, yaye akukho magama ubudala kubo.

umthetho ukubola Radioactive isekelwe kwimigaqo ebizwa ngokuba ukulinganisa, yaye, bona, yile thiyori ukulondolozwa yoyalo engundoqo kunye namanani abaninzi. Kuye kwamiselwa ngokomfuniselo ukuba isiphumo izinto mhlaba otsalayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: a) umqadi aphambuke kwenzeka njenge amasuntswana eyakhayo icala; b) njenge ezimbi; c) musani ukubonisa nayiphi na impendulo. Kulo kulandela ukuba imitha ke iintlobo ezintathu.

Kukho inani elifanayo kunye neentlobo yenkqubo ukubola; kunye kwakhululwa ovela; i; ukufunxeka electron elinye kunye isiqalo. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba isiqalo esilingana isakhiwo zayo ilothe, bafumana ngamazinyo esikhupha. Ithiyori yaziwa ukubola alpha kwaye siye saqulunqwa G. A. Gamovym ngo-1928. Inguqulelo yesibini laliqulunqwe ngo-1931 yi uEnrico Fermi. uphando bakhe baye babonisa ukuba iindidi ezithile elektroni endaweni nuclei ayikhuphi amasuntswana esahlukileyo - positrons, kwaye isoloko kukhatshwa ukukhutshwa ilungu kunye zero kagesi kwaye uphumle neurine abaninzi. Umzekelo elula ekonakaleni beta kugqalwa Proton shift neuron nge kwexesha ubuncinane imizuzu eli-12.

Le ngcamango, cinga umthetho yokuguga, aba fikela 1940 kwinkulungwane ye-19 de yemvelo Soviet G. N. Flerov kunye KA Petrzhak Ababutyhila nobubele omnye komnye, apho nuclei uranium yahlulwe ngokuzenzekelayo zibe ngamaqhekeza ezimbini ngokulinganayo. Ngowe-1960 kwathiwa kwangaphambili kabini-Proton radioactivity ze-neutron. Kodwa ke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, olu hlobo ukubola kuqinisekiswa yi-eksperimenti zange ukusebenza akwafumaneka. Kwafunyaniswa kuphela radiation Proton, apho Njengesiseko Proton into izikhulu.

Ukuze kujongwane nayo yonke le miba kunzima, nangona umthetho ukubola radioactive elula. Akukho lula ukuqonda intsingiselo yawo emzimbeni kwaye, kakade, le ntetho yale mbono iya kude ngaphaya inkqubo wezenzululwazi njengesifundo esikolweni.