Wenza njani le uthinte? neuron

Okwangoku, iyaziwa into yokuba imisebenzi aphezulu e-nervous system, ezifana Ukukwazi ukuqaphela imiyalezo evela bume, ukuba umsebenzi ngengqondo, ukucengceleza nokucinga, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba njani neuron. Neuron, siya kufikelela kweli nqaku.

Into yokuba umntu uyazi wakhe wobudlelwane nabanye, ngenxa excitation kothungelwano seli zemithambo-luvo. Sithetha ngabo abafunyanwa amaxolo. Yeyona isiseko noshowo ingqondo kunye seengcamango.

kwentliziyi

14 billion luvo kwi neuron. Neuron, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, olusebenza kubo. Ubuninzi zemithambo-luvo (malunga 90%) yenza kwentliziyi. Ku fanele ku kwinkqubo somatic luvo, ukuba ephezulu neSebe layo ezimanyanisayo. Umsebenzi ibalulekileyo kwentliziyi - processing kunye nokucaciswa yonke ingcaciso ayifumene nge izivamvo (ezibonwayo, somatosensory, incasa, ukuva). Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba uyakwazi iintshukumo umsipha ezintsonkothileyo. Xa kwentliziyi ngamaziko aqukiweyo kwiinkqubo intetho nekhono lokuhlaziya kunye nememori USB. Inxalenye iphambili iinkqubo ezenzekayo ezikulo, isiseko neurophysiological lokuqonda.

paleocortex

Paleocortex - kwelinye isebe enkulu nebalulekileyo, nto leyo neuron. Neuron enxulumene nayo, kubalulekile kakhulu. Le isabelo na isakhiwo elula ngaphezu kwentliziyi. Iinkqubo ezenzeka apha, engqondweni akusoloko ayibonwa. amaziko eziphezulu yawo ibekwe paleocortex.

Unxibelelwano kunye neendawo neuron zokuziswa ingqondo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba udibaniso lwe neuron kwizahlulo asezantsi yengqondo (thalamus, nuclei carcinomas, ibhulorho kunye ephakathi). Oku usebenzisa iinyanda ifayibha enkulu, ezenza capsule engaphakathi. Ezi iinyanda ifayibha zezi maleko ebanzi, eyakhiwa okuqinileyo emhlophe. Bona ziqulathe imicu luvo ezininzi (izigidi). Ezinye zezi Imicu (axons zemithambo-luvo ye-thalamus) libonelela ukudluliselwa imiqondiso luvo ukuya uthinte. Enye ingxenye, ezizezi axons ze-luvo cortical ekhonza adlulisele ukuba amaziko umthambo-luvo weliso zibekwe ngezantsi.

Ubume neuron

Ngaba uyazi ukuba nguwuphi inxalenye ingqondo na enkulu? Abanye kuni baye mhlawumbi ugqibe oko kwakuqhubeka. Yeyona neuron. Neuron - lo hlobo nje elinye lamaqhosha ukuba ume ngaphandle kuyo. Ngoko ke, yahlulelwe kwii zifaka ngasekunene nangasekhohlo. Bona uhlobene nenye imiqadi ngalinye emhlophe esiqinileyo owenza loo I-corpus. Umsebenzi ongundoqo I-corpus kukuqinisekisa ulungelelaniso phakathi zifaka ezimbini.

Neuron ngu indawo

Nakuba neuron iye ezibayeni ezininzi, ilungiselelo yonke sulci enkulu kunye gyri esibonakala singayeki. Ngoko ke, ezona zixhaphakileyo benchmark ulwahlulo iinkalo uthinte. kumphezulu wayo engaphandle yohlulwe vee amathathu 4 amaqhekeza. Ezi izabelo (imimandla) - zezomzuzwana, Occipital, Parietal kunye ngokungqalileyo. Nangona ezabiwa ngayo kwindawo, ngamnye kubo umsebenzi walo ezithile.

neuron zexeshana liziko apho ekuva uthinte analyzer. Kwimeko umonakalo lwenzeka yokungeva ngeendlebe. Le neuron ezikhalayo, ukongeza, kukho iziko intetho Wernicke. Kwimeko umonakalo yalahlekelwa ubuchule ningayiqondi intetho. Kubonwa nje ingxolo. Ukongeza, xa lobe zexeshana ngamaziko zemithambo enxulumene apparatus vestibular. siwe aphazanyiswa xa kuthe umonakalo.

iindawo cortical yabo buzinze nomhlehlo ngokungqalileyo. Le apho iziko-Speech. Kwimeko apho i-ikhweyitha ekunene uthi yonakele, baphulukana ukukwazi ukutshintsha ithoni ngokwamazwi. Iba obungabangeli mdla. Ukuba umonakalo libhekisela ikhweyitha ekhohlo, apho kukho kananjalo uthinte ilizwi ubalekela kwiCandelo. Iyalahleka njengoko ukukwazi ukuba ukucula kunye nentetho uliciko.

Le neuron zokubonwayo nomhlehlo Occipital lungqamana. Kukho isebe elinoxanduva umbono wethu hlobo. Ihlabathi esiphila ibonwa ubuchopho, hayi amehlo. Sinoxanduva umbono nje inxalenye Occipital. Ngoko ke, xa kwimeko umonakalo ukuphuhlisa kubumfama ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokungaphelelanga.

lobe Parietal Kwakhona umsebenzi walo ezithile. Lunoxanduva zokuhlalutya ulwazi malunga Uvakalelo lulonke: ephathekayo, iqondo lobushushu, iintlungu. Xa kuthe umonakalo ukuphulukana Ukukwazi ukuqaphela izinto ngokuthinta, kwakunye namanye ubuchule.

indawo motor

Ndingathanda ukuthetha ngayo ngokwahlukeneyo. Isibakala sokuba uthinte motor akuthethi masihambelane iqumrhu lowo sathetha ngasentla. Le yinxalenye uthinte, leyo iqulathe unxulumano ngqo zisihla umnqonqo, hayi kanye mandithi, kunye luvo zakhe motor. Ngoko ke wabiza luvo ezilawula ngqo izihlunu.

Main ngumonzakalo ibekwe kwi gyrus precentral. Nemiba ezininzi kule gyrus yi umfanekiso isibuko kwenye indawo, ngaphandle kwebala. innervation zaphawula contralateral. Ngamanye amazwi, innervation kwalelo izihlunu akhiwe kwelinye icala lomzimba. Le Okungumahluko ummandla yobuso apho ulawulo amabini ka izihlunu imihlathi inxalenye esezantsi ebusweni ekhoyo.

Enye neuron injini ezongezelelweyo ibekwe kule ndawo ibekwe ngezantsi band engundoqo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba inemisebenzi ezizimeleyo enxulumene kwimveliso motor ukubetha. Le neuron motor sele kufundwe zizazinzulu. Kule yemifuniselo ebekwe phezu izilwanyana, kwafunyaniswa ukuba olunika balo ukukhuthazwa neempendulo motor. Kwaye oku kuyinyaniso kwanokuba uthinte motor lamabanga aphantsi yatshatyalaliswa ngaphambili. I-ikhweyitha lubalaseleyo libandakanyeka inkuthazo yaye ekucwangciseni kweentshukumo yokuthetha. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kukhokelela umonakalo aphasia olutshintshayo.

Ngumonzakalo Imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo

Ngenxa yoko nimana zonyango kunye imifuniselo komzimba kwenziwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, wabekwa kwimimandla umda, ezo okuqikelelweyo kumphezulu receptor ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi yokugqibela eyedwa njengoko izivamvo, ezijolise ihlabathi ngaphandle (nobuzaza eluswini, nokuva, emehlweni), kunye nezo ibandakanywa ngokwawo amalungu ezihamba (entshukumo okanye motor analyzer).

ummandla Occipital - izowuni le analyzer olubonakalayo (amasimi 17 ukuya 19), awongamileyo nezenyama - ive analyzer (amasimi 22, 41 no 42), ummandla postcentral - ulusu-kinesthetic analyzer (amasimi 1, 2 no-3).

Abameli analyzers cortical ezahlukeneyo yi umsebenzi nokuba isigqeba yahlulwe kwimimandla emithathu ilandelayo ngumonzakalo zifaka Cerebral: lokuqala, lesibini nelesithathu. Kweli xesha lokuqala, ngexesha Palsy, yabeka zaseprayimari, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo cytoarchitectonics ezilula. Ubuncinane ukuphuhlisa tertiary. Baye ubume olunzima kakhulu. Isikhundla esiPhakathi ukususela lo mbono, babe ummandla yesibini zifaka lengqondo le neuron. Sikunika sihlolisise imisebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo ngamnye kubo, kwakunye ulwalamano lwabo kwezahlulo ingqondo indawo ngezantsi, ingakumbi, ukuya thalamus.

Intsimi central

Izazinzulu kule minyaka ndizuze amava kakhulu ekufundeni izifundo zonyango. Ngenxa yoko lokuqaphela, kwafunyaniswa ngokukodwa ukuba umonakalo kwimihlaba ezithile ekwakhiweni abameli analyzers cortical kuchaphazela umfanekiso yezonyango jikelele ayikho okulingana. Phakathi kwezinye emasimini, omnye ime phandle kule nkalo, nto leyo usesikhundleni esembindini kwindawo yenyukliya. Le ndlu ibizwa ngokuba samabanga okanye engundoqo. Bathi intsimi kwababaliweyo 17 kummandla ezibonwayo, eziviwayo - phantsi nombolo 41, kunye kinesthetic - 3. umonakalo yabo kukhokelela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Lost ukukwazi ukuqonda okanye ukwenza izinto ezenzeka umahluko kakhulu ngokungangqalanga engqinelanayo analyzers.

zone primary

iseti luvo ziphuhliswa kakhulu kwindawo zaseprayimari, apho zamkelelwa ukwenziwa indawo cortico-subcortical amaqhina abambiseneyo. Yeyona imfutshane kwaye indlela ngqo idibanisa kunye uthinte okanye elinye iqumrhu oluvo. Ngenxa yoku, eli neuron Prayimari sinokuba cell nokushukunyiswa ngokwaneleyo.

Inkalo efanayo ebalulekileyo lombutho ezisebenzayo kunye noshowo kwezi nkalo - kukuba zonke kubo kukho kwingqikelelo ecacileyo somatotopical. Oku kuthetha ukuba amanqaku kwimiphetho ngamnye (retina, isikhumba umphezulu, njengecochlea, izihlunu skeletal) kulindeleke kwi ehambelana amanqaku ngokungqongqo akhawulwe ibekwe kwindawo ephambili ehambelanayo analyzer uthinte. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ukuba nabizelwa nokunyuka.

zone secondary

Kungenjalo obizwa ngokuba peripheral, yaye oku kungekho ngozi. Bona kwimimandla zenyukliya le uthinte, kwiindawo zawo peripheral. imimandla Secondary zahlukile ekubonakalisweni lokuqala okanye kumbindi komzimba, ingakumbi umbutho neuronal kunye architectonic.

Buhle baqondisiswa inkanuko xa zombane okanye lahluleka? Ezi ziphumo zinxulumene kakhulu kwiintlobo anzima ngakumbi inkqubo yokubala ngentloko. Ukuba zone zasesekondari ubethwe, mizwa eziziziqalelo ugcinwe kakhulu. It okukhathaza ikakhulu uyakwazi ukubonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo ubudlelwane macala kunye kwizakhiwo yonke yeekhomponenti izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo savuma. Ukuba axakane eziziisekondari ekuva zone kunye neuron ezibonakalayo, nemibono bebona ezikhalayo nababonwayo, ezifakwe ngokulandelana (ixesha kunye nendawo).

Le ndawo ibalulekile ekuqondeni unxulumano oluphakathi ziyakhuthazeka, apho ukhetho kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa imimandla ephambili. Ukongeza, badlala indima ebalulekileyo yohlanganiso kwiinkalo imisebenzi enyukliya analyzers ezahlukeneyo xa zidityanisiwe namatheko kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo.

zone Secondary, kubaluleke kakhulu ekufezekisweni iifom ezingaphezu entsonkothileyo lweenkqubo ngengqondo, efuna uququzelelo kunye ezinxulumene ucazululo ngononophelo lawona mazwe zizinto zezifundo, kwakunye kuqhelaniswa ngexesha kunye nendawo ezingqongileyo. Kulo mba iya kuzinza ngokuba assotsionnymi. Ukufuna Afferent evela receptors leyo ebona kumphezulu ezahlukeneyo mayibhekiswe uthinte, ukuya entsimini data ngokusebenzisa ezininzi nokucima ezongezelelweyo nuclei assotsionnyh thalamic (thalamus). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, pulses afferent ezilandela indawo ephambili bafikelele indlela yabo emfutshane ngokusebenzisa thalamus relay ngumongo.

Yintoni thalamus

Fibre nuclei thalamic (enye okanye ngaphezulu) ofanelekileyo lobe ngalinye yobuchopho. Thalamus okanye thalamus, ibekwe yangaphambili, kwinginqi yayo engundoqo. Siqulathe ezininzi umphakathi, nganye sithumela sazi kwi isabelo esichaziweyo kakuhle uthinte.

Zonke iimpawu igalelo yokuzifumana (ngaphandle ukuqgiba) kugqitha relay kunye isiqalo ezimanyanisayo thalamic. imicu Eminye evela kuzo ukuya kwiindawo kwebala (kwi nomhlehlo Parietal - ukuya somatosensory incasa kunye, kwi-temporal - ukuva kwi Occipital - ukuya ebonwayo). La bafika ngokulandelelana ukusuka ventral carcinomas-complex, le medial kunye eziba lateral. Ngokuphathelele kwiindawo cortical imoto, ukuba uqhagamshelwano eziba cipande ventrolateral kwaye ventral le thalamus.

EEG desynchronization

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umntu lowo nokuphumla, ngesiquphe ukuvelisa stimulus olomeleleyo? Kakade ke, yena ngoko nangoko siphaphile phule oku stimulus ingqalelo yakhe. Guqulela umsebenzi ngengqondo, lwenziwa ukusuka luphumlo imeko umsebenzi ingqinelana ukuba indawo ye-EEG alpha isingqisho kwi isingqisho beta, kwakunye nezinye ukuhla rhoqo ngakumbi. Le nqubo, ekuthiwa EEG desynchronization, ivela ngenxa yokuba lo uqweqwe evela eziba nonspecific thalamic wondla zovuselelo oluvo.

inkqubo isebenze Reticular

nucleus Nonspecific zenza umnatha luvo ehlasela, ibekwe kule thalamus, ngokwamacandelo yayo medial. Oku lozwe sobuKristu (inkqubo isebenze reticular), elawula excitability le uthinte. Imiqondiso Various woluvo ukuze uvule i APC. Iiplastiki ezibonwayo, vestibular, somatosensory, ukuqgiba kunye eziviwayo. APC - a njengejelo okukhombisa data idluliselwe kwi zomaleko phezu ngumonzakalo ngokusebenzisa eziba nonspecific ise-thalamus. Excitation APC ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. Kuyimfuneko ukugcina kurhulumente ukuvuka. Kwizilwanyana zovavanyo kwaphulwa apho inkqubo, kwabakho imeko dreamlike isiqaqa.

endaweni ephakamileyo

ubudlelwane obusebenzayo ezaqala phakathi analyzers ezi ezintsonkothileyo ngaphezu kuchazwe ngasentla. Morphologically kuvela ingxaki ngakumbi kwinto yokuba ngexesha ukukhula komhlaba ikhweyitha analyzers intsimi zenyukliya, le mimandla ezilala phezu ngokufanayo. Kule ndawo cortical zomfanekiso analyzer "indawo sifana", oko kukuthi kummandla ephakamileyo. Ngokuseka ziphakathi iintlobo ezininzi ezinzima zemisebenzi association yesikhumba-kinesthetic, eziviwayo kunye analyzers ezibonwayo. imimandla ephakamileyo sele zingaphaya kwemida emasimini abo zenyukliya. Ngoko ke, ukuluma nomonakalo akuthethi kungakhokelela iziganeko kakhulu ilahleko. Kwakhona ngokunxulumene nemisebenzi ezithile analyzer kwakungekho iziphumo ezibalulekileyo.

endaweni ephakamileyo - ummandla ekhethekileyo uthinte. Bangakwazi kubizwa intlanganiso "saa" izinto analyzers ezahlukeneyo. Oko kukuthi, izinto ukuze bona bangabi nako ukwenza nayiphi syntheses into nzima kwaye ahlalutye of nokushukunyiswa. Le ndawo asezikhundleni, kumba kakhulu. It uyazifohloza phantsi kwinani iindawo. Ngokufutshane chaza kubo.

kummandla Parietal engaphandle kubalulekile ukuze kuhlanganiswe zonke iintshukumo umzimba analyzers ezibonwayo kunye nomzimba ekubumbeni wesekethe. Njengoko kuba Parietal kunguhata, libhekisela komdibaniso iifom abstract kunye ngokubanzi zokubonisa ezinxulumene intetho ezintsonkothileyo luyacolwa ngokwahlukeneyo andimangalele izenzo, ukuphunyezwa leyo ilawulwa umbono.

Area temporo-Parietal-Occipital nayo ibalulekile kakhulu. Kuyinto asingethe uxanduva l okufakwa kweendidi oluntsonkothileyo analyzers ezibonwayo kunye ekuva kunye nolwimi olubhaliweyo noluthethwayo.

Qaphela ukuba imimandla babe tertiary uxhulumaniso ezintsonkothileyo yesekethe xa kuthelekiswa eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. amaqhina mazwe sikubonileyo izakhiwo nuclei thalamic eziphathelene, yena, relay-umphakathi ngokusebenzisa nomxokelelwane elide uxhulumaniso lwangaphakathi kufumaneka ngqo kwi thalamus.

Ngokusekelwe zingasentla, kucacile ukuba imimandla ethile samabanga yabantu, izabelo lesibini nelesithathu ke uthinte, ezithi ezizodwa kakhulu. Ingakumbi kufanele kugxininiswe ukuba amaqela 3 iindawo cortical ezichazwe ngasentla, xa ngentambo ngesiqhelo esebenza kunye nenkqubo yonxibelelwano kunye utshintshe nje phakathi kwabo kunye nezakhiwo subcortical umsebenzi njengenye yonke ngokwahlukeneyo nzima.