"Imiphefumlo Abafileyo": intsingiselo yegama. Poem Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya

It ingena print umqulu wokuqala "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" Gogol ngoMeyi 1842. Umsebenzi wayezelwe ngumbhali ngexesha umsebenzi wakhe phezu "Umhloli". In "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" Gogol libhekisela mxholo yomsebenzi wakhe; kwiiklasi lokulawula zoluntu Russian. Umbhali ngokwakhe wathi: "Abaninzi kakhulu kunye nendalo bam, hayi ngokukhawuleza kuba ukuphela kwayo." Eneneni, "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" - into ephawulekayo kwimbali uvuthondaba Russian kunye nehlabathi.

"Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" - a uvuthondaba on serfdom

"Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" - umsebenzi ngokoqobo ezibalulekileyo. Nguwo lowo ezihlangwini ukubhala Gogol Pushkin kaThixo. Lowo uthetha ngayo kwi amaphepha mbongo kwi kuphambuko kuso malunga iintlobo ezimbini ababhali (VII isahluko). Oku kuvula inkalo ngokoqobo Gogol esithi: ukukwazi ukubhenca kwaye ubonise close-up zonke iziphako ngayo abantu, nto leyo alusoloko ibonakale. In "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" yabonisa imigaqo esisiseko ngokoqobo:

1. Historicism. Le piece kubhaliwe ngexesha umbhali owayephila - line iminyaka 20-30 lwekhulu XIX - ngoko serfdom waphelelwa kakhulu.
2. uphawu lohlobo kunye neemeko. Abaqeshisi kunye bureaucrats kuboniswe satirically kugxininiswa ngamandla kakhulu, ibonisa iintlobo eziphambili kwezentlalo. Byi ingqalelo ekhethekileyo iinkcukacha Gogol.
3. ukuchwetheza Satirical. Kwenzeka abalinganiswa igunya osemqoka iimeko ahlekisayo, singalikhohlakalisi abalinganiswa ezidlulileyo ubaxo, esebenzisa intetho yeenguqu athelekisekayo kunye namaqhalo.

igama intsingiselo: ngokoqobo kunye Nakuba

Gogol wayeceba ukubhala umsebenzi imiqulu emithathu. Njengesiseko wathabatha 'Divine Comedy "wabe Aligeri. Ngokufanayo, "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" babemele luqulathe izahlulo ezintathu. Nkqu isihloko sombongo ibhekisela umfundi ukuba imigaqo yobuKristu.

Kutheni "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo"? Igama ngokwawo - an Izafobe, ukuthelekisa iyathelekiswa. Soul - yinto into omelwe abaphilayo, hayi nabafileyo. Esebenzisa le ndlela, Gogol isinika ithemba kukuba bonke ezilahlekileyo, ukuba isiqalo omhle imiphefumlo abaqeshisi nezilima kwaye bureaucrats nga luzalwe. Oku wayefanele ukuba ibe nomthamo yesibini.

Intsingiselo yegama umbongo "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" ilele iinqwelomoya ezininzi. Phezu - lokoqobo, kuba ubizwa ngokuba imiphefumlo abafileyo yamafama efileyo amaxwebhu ingenalo novelwano. Enyanisweni, oku ngumongo Chichikov urhwaphilizo: ukuthenga ngamakhoboka abafileyo uthathe imali yabo isibambiso. Xa iimeko intengiso abalimi kwaye ibonisa abalinganiswa abaphambili. "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" - ngokwaso abaqeshisi kunye namagosa nayo Chichikov, kuba kuzo akukho nto iseleyo kwabantu, uyaphila. Ziye ke walawula kukubawa (ngamagosa), blockhead (weevil), inkohlakalo (ethatheni) kunye uburhabaxa (Sobakevich).

Intsingiselo enzulu yegama

Yonke imiba evulekileyo omtsha njengokuba ufunda umbongo "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo". Intsingiselo isihloko, ihleli ezinzulwini imveliso, sisenza sicinge ngendlela yokuba nabani na, indoda elula esitratweni, ukuze ekugqibeleni ibe Manilow okanye Nozdryov. Kwanele entliziyweni yakhe ukuhlala phantsi amkhanuke kancinane. Kwaye akazange phawula indlela apho vzrastet vice. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwiSahluko XI Gogol ikhuthaza umfundi ukuba bajonge nzulu umphefumlo kunye itshekhi: "Kwaye ke kukho kum ethile inxalenye Chichikov?"

Gogol babekwa mbongo "Abafileyo Imiphefumlo" ingqiqo yamagama yoyilo, evula umfundi ngoko nangoko, kodwa inkqubo yokucinga malunga nomsebenzi.

uhlobo ukuziqambela

Xa "Abafileyo Imiphefumlo" uhlalutyo iphakamisa omnye umbuzo: "Kutheni Gogol na imeko imveliso njengoko kumbongo?" Eneneni, uhlobo nentsusa kwendalo wahlukile. Xa usebenza imveliso Gogol kwiileta zakhe abahlobo ekwabelwana iziphumo zabo zobugcisa, ebiza "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" kunye umbongo kunye inoveli.

On isihloko yokuqala yePhetshana kwathiwa: "The Adventures of Chichikov, okanye Imiphefumlo Dead" (inxalenye yokuqala yale ukuhluza) - kunye nezihlokwana "Poem" yaqaqanjiswa ngakumbi enkulu. Umbhali ngokwakhe wema ukuba ke ngoko yenziwe "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo". Intsingiselo yegama imveliso kuyehla kube umbongo Gogol izicwangciso ukuqhubeka lo msebenzi, yaye imiqulu yesibini neyesithathu bonisa ukuvuselelwa abalinganiswa ezimbi. Kwaye ngoko ke 'Imiphefumlo Abafileyo "ukusuka uvuthondaba yaba umbongo.

Oku akuthethi ifikelele iimpawu uhlobo lwemveliso "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo". Intsingiselo kwesihloko kumbongo wakhe luchazwa UNikolai Vasilievich kule ncwadana uncwadi. Apho ubiza uhlobo umbongo, intermediate phakathi amaqhawe kunye inoveli. Embindini olu hlobo ukuze abe ligorha - njengomntu oqhelekileyo, ngenxa adventures abonisa indlela era lwanamhlanje. Kumzekelo we Gogol kukhokelela "Don Quixote" of ingawenzi.

Ukongeza, i "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" yenye inkalo, apho imveliso uthathwa ukuba umbongo - i lwesihloko amaninzi ombambazelayo, uphawu le chanter na uhlobo.

Ukongeza kwezi mpawu, "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" ngokusondeleyo ngomda kwinoveli picaresque, kwaye kwezentlalo. Kodwa ukuze sibhekisele kwindlela umsebenzi olu hlobo akuyomfuneko ngenxa yokunqongophala romance.

Heroes and anti-Amaqhawe mbongo

Xa umqulu wokuqala "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" ( "isihogo" yi wabe) Gogol izicwangciso ukubonisa ububi - amagosa ekrakra kunye neklasi umnikazi. Kuye kwavela inkqubo imifanekiso. imiphefumlo Heroes-kwabafileyo - ezo amagosa kunye nabanini, ehlangana Chichikov, benza amaqhinga akhe clever.

Imifanekiso kwabanikazi uzakumelwa ukwandisa ukuhla yokomoya turpitude yokuziphatha. Xa inkcazo ngamnye kubo Gogol igxininisa ukuba oku ityala ekhethekileyo, kunye nohlobo lwabantu, "Manilow fanele ebantwini njalo-njalo"; Box - "Omnye wabo matushkas"; "Abantu ezifana Nozdryov, wonke ukudibana kakhulu ezimbalwa." Ezo abantu ekuziphatheni abangamahlwempu kudala a ongqongileyo kwezentlalo. Kulo mbongo, wagwetywa zombini abanini kunye yonke inkqubo feudal luphela.

Enye umfanekiso onganambithekiyo umbongo "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" - nabasemagunyeni. Le dolophu unalo Yimbuqo chaos. Sama - indawo apho unako ukwenza inzuzo. Yenkqubo yokufumana ukunyotywa ukwambatha emfuleni. Khumbula episode xa Chichikov izinyobo Ivan Antonovich. Kumanyathelo amagosa bazisa automatism: ukubona oyilwayo - kuthungwa ngayo ephepheni - ukuba benze yonke le nto.

abalinganiswa ezimbi enza intsingiselo yegama mbongo - "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo". Noko ke, ngokutsho Gogol, akukho nto imbi yonke; amabini amaqhawe unalo ithuba lokuphucula. Inkqubo ngokumphefumlela sesicelo efile ezinxulumene kunye neendidi. imibongo abalinganiswa ababini eboniswe kwinkqubo yophuhliso: anikwe ngobomi uEliya Chichikov. Le Gogol uphawula ukuba bakwazi izakutshintsha kwixesha elizayo.

Akukho mathandabuzo liqhawe entle kulo mbongo - lo umbhali, ichazwa lwesihloko lyrical. Yena uyaqonda kwaye uyamthanda Russia, ebona okuhle kakhulu kubantu Russian. Ukongeza, Gogol ugxininisa iimpawu ezintle abantu Russian: a ulwimi zimnandi, ukusebenza nzima, ukunyaniseka, ukuba nentsusa kwento kunye unyawo. Kuyinto olu tshintsho luza kuvumela eRashiya ukuba enhle intaka-bamaZwe.

Kumthamo yesibini "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo"

Xa imo lentlekele lokudala olunzulu Gogol wabhala umqulu yesibini "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" iminyaka elishumi. Xa imbalelwano yakhe, udla ikhalazela ukuba umhlobo ukuba ixinene kakhulu kwaye ngokwenene soyithomalalisa.

Gogol libhekisela avumelana, eyakhayo umfanekiso umnini Kostanzhoglo: nasendleleni uxanduva, ukuqesha ulwazi lwenzululwazi izixhobo Manor. Phantsi impembelelo yayo Chichikov reconsidering kubudlelwane ekhoyo kunye notshintsho ukuba ngcono.

Ebona kulo mbongo 'ubuxoki kubalulekile ", Gogol waqhumisela umqulu yesibini" Imiphefumlo Abafileyo ".