Waste - yintoni na le nto? ngezigaba

Uluntu kudala yaya ngaphaya iintlobo ezikhoyo ngoxolo onokuphila komhlaba. Inguqulelo mihla impucuko ngokunzima nangeendlela ezininzi ungacinganga ukusebenzisa imithombo umhlaba wethu - izimbiwa, umhlaba, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, amanzi kunye nomoya. Yonke into ifikelela kuba isandla, abantu bazalwa remade yi neemfuno ezikhulayo zoluntu lwethu technocratic. Oku kukhokelela nje kuphela ngokuncipha ubuncwane emhlabeni, kodwa kananjalo ukuvela inani enkulu yendalo eyahlukileyo kakhulu inkunkuma.

Yintoni na inkunkuma ngokubanzi? Ngaba ingxaki kuthi?

Ukuba lula iimeko, inkunkuma - sisiphumo imisebenzi basekhaya zoshishino yoluntu, ebangela umonakalo kokusingqongileyo. Ezi ziquka naziphi na izinto technocratic okanye iindawo kubo baye balahlekelwa ixabiso labo yaye engasekho esetyenziswa ekhaya, emsebenzini okanye nawuphi na omnye umsebenzi abantu. Namhlanje imeko yokuba Umhlaba unakho ukuba sifele ngokoqobo kwiimveliso zabo asele esetyenzisiwe, ukuba akukho manyathelo kunobuzaza kakhulu futhi ezingxamisekileyo zithathwa.

Ukuze ukuthelekelela isikali umba, omnye kuphela Enyanisweni: kwamanye amazwe, ummi sixeko ivelisa ngonyaka ngamnye ukuya itoni ukungcola. Iitoni! Ngethamsanqa, uninzi kula inkunkuma erisayikilishiweyo, kodwa inkoliso ngcu kwiinda omkhulu, nto leyo onezinto ezininzi imizi emikhulu ehlabathini. Ngokomzekelo, malunga 800 hectares eMoscow ezicwangcisiweyo kuphela zokuyilahla. Kwaye mhlawumbi amaxesha zendalo ngaphezulu ezilishumi - in ezihlanjeni, ngasechwebeni imilambo kunye nemisinga, roadsides.

Ngoku cinga isityalo enkulu - metallurgical, elukiweyo, chemical - nto kubaluleke kangaka. Inkunkuma yemveliso ezinjalo Walinganisa e tonnes, kodwa hayi ukuba unyaka nomhla. Khawucinge nje oku ezimdaka, umjelo tyhefu uza evela kwisityalo metallurgical eSiberia plant imichiza ethile e Pakistan, imveliso leemoto Korea kunye mveliso zemveliso yamaphepha e-China. Nenkunkuma - ingxaki? Kakade ke, kanye sibi kakhulu.

Indaba kwenkunkuma

Phambi kokuvela senkunkuma eyenziwayo, ubukhulu becala, yayingekabikho. izembe Broken, ityekile kwaye aphoswe ihempe, isikhephe batshoniswe kwaye siyalaba, sene inqaba moss nangona bathe baba iimveliso zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, kodwa musa ukuwonakalisa umhlaba isicelo - oganikhi ukuqhubekekiswa, i ezingaphiliyo ngokuzolileyo ngoxolo washiya emhlabeni, elinde bezinto zakudala inxaxheba ngolangazelelo olukhulu.

Mhlawumbi inkunkuma yokuqala "yokwenene" nendlu - le iglasi, kodwa okokuqala yavelisa hi mpimo miniscule. Kodwa inkunkuma yokuqala ezinkulu kwimizi Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 18-19, nokufika uhlobo umatshini mveliso. Ukususela ngoko, inani labo likhula ngathi udaka. Ukuba kwinkulungwane mveliso 19 ikhululwe kuphela emoyeni amalahle iimveliso yokutsha, mveliso iingxilimbela kwinkulungwane 21 Wagalela emilanjeni, amachweba kunye neelwandle izigidi eelitha nkunkuma inetyhefu kakhulu, zizenza "amangcwaba".

A ngokwenene 'revolution' idabi ekwandiseni inani inkunkuma basekhaya kunye zoshishino yenzeka yokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye ekuqaleni ukusetyenziswa kwezi petroleum kunye petroleum iimveliso kwixesha elizayo - yeplastiki.

Ziziphi iintlobo zenkunkuma: yokuhlela

Abantu kule minyaka idlulileyo aye avelisa lusebenzisa enjalo inkunkuma ukuba kube lula yahlulwe ngamaqela: inkunkuma ukutya kunye nephepha inkunkuma, iglasi okanye zeplastiki, unyango kunye intsimbi, imithi kunye irabha, radioactive, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Kakade ke, ukuba azanelanga ukuba ifuthe labo elibi kokusingqongileyo. Kuba lumelo olubonakalayo ngakumbi yonke inkunkuma sisahlula ngokwamaqela eziliqela kuxhomekeke kubungakanani yongcoliseko.

Ngoko ke, yintoni amanxuwa "elungileyo", yaye yintoni - i "okubi"?

"Ukukhanya" inkunkuma

1. Paper. Ezi ziquka ndaba ubudala, iincwadi, amaphetshana, izitikha, imikhono iphepha nekhadibhodi, iimagazini ezenziwe nayo yonke enye into. Uqwalaselo kwakhona nokurisayikilisha inkunkuma yamaphepha umlinganiswa yenye yezona elula - uninzi kubo iphepha inkunkuma ebizwa njalo-yaye kamva ukuguquka abuyele amaphephandaba, iimagazini kunye iibhokisi zekhadibhodi. Kwaye nkqu silahlwe umngxuma kunye nenkunkuma iphepha ukhohliwe iya kuba lixesha elifutshane (ngokuphathelele ezinye iintlobo) ukuze ayichithe ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo indalo okukhulu, ukongeza imibala lomhlaba namanzi kunye amaphepha ashicilelweyo. Nzima kakhulu ukuba zibola iphepha ecwebezelayo, kodwa eyona ilula - ngumqolo kunye friable.
2. Ukutya. Zonke organic Amakhitshi kwenkunkuma, iindawo zokutyela, iihotele, iifama zabucala, yonaniso zezolimo kunye mveliso ukutya - yonke eye 'yindlala "zabantu. inkunkuma ukutya kwakhona ziyakhawuleza ukubola, naxa ucinga ukuba kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo ekudleni izithako ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi zendalo kunye nobume ngakumbi. Nje yena tywaleni indalo - umzekelo, amachiza asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo iinkomo ezikhulayo, imichiza ukwandisa lokugcinwa kunye ntetho ukutya. Singene endaweni ekhethekileyo yeMfuzo kunye kwisigcinakaliso. YeMfuzo, ukudla yemfuzo, efanele mpikiswano eshushu abaphikisi kunye nabaxhasi babo. Kwisigcinakaliso nazo interlocks le zibola kwezinto eziphilayo - kumanani amakhulu, ukuba ukuyicima kumjikelo yendalo yokubola nokudalwa.
3. Glass. Glass neembambaniso zayo ezahlukeneyo mhlawumbi uhlobo ezininzi zamandulo "inkunkuma ezenziwe ngabantu." Kwelinye icala, ukuba egalelwe kwaye musa ukukhulula kokusingqongileyo, musa ukufakela umoya namanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo zeglasi lutshabalalisa amakhaya endalo - uluntu eziphilayo. Umzekelo, izilwanyana ukuba wonzakele bafe ngaphandle iindlela zokukhusela ngokubanzi saa iziqwenga ezibukhali - kwaye oku singasathethi ngokuphazamisa nabantu ngokwabo. Term ukwandiswa negilasi malunga eliwaka. kuza kufuneka inzala zethu ezikude ukuba boyise iminyele ezikude, neebhotile aphoswe kwi yokulahla inkunkuma namhlanje, baya kusoloko emhlabeni. Glass zokulahla inkunkuma ayikho umba kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoko ke inani labo yande nge kunyaka ngamnye.

Inkunkuma "aqine medium"

1. Zeplastiki. Okwangoku isixa senkunkuma zeplastiki ngoku emangalisayo nje - ukuba isibalo sengigqi elula kweentlobo bayo babeza kuthabatha ezimbalwa amaphepha. ubungayi kuba kukubaxwa ukuthi namhlanje yeplastiki ukwenza phantse yonke into - ezingxobeni nendlu zombane, iibhotile, impahla, izixhobo kunye nezithuthi, neempahla kunye elwandle. Abole kwiglasi kokulungisa kabini ngokukhawuleza - kwiminyaka kuphela 500. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo kuye, phantse lonke kukhululwa kokusingqongileyo izinto eziyityhefu. Kwakhona, ezinye iimpawu yeplastiki kwenza kube "umbulali egqibeleleyo." Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba elwandle baba wonke "isiqithi" imisinga bazisa iibhotile, iityhubhu, iingxowa kunye nezinye "profile" kobutyobo. Konakalisa izigidi eziphilayo zaselwandle. Umzekelo, iintaka zolwandle akakwazi ukwahlula phakathi iziqwenga zeplastiki ukutya, yaye ngokwemvelo kufa Ukuxinana umzimba. iiplastiki Waste ukusetyenziswa yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo namhlanje.
2. inkunkuma Metallurgical, nokuba iimveliso zepetroliyam, ezinye inkunkuma yamachiza, kunye nokwakhiwa inkunkuma imoto (kubandakanywa amatayari ubudala). Konke oku kungcolisa indalo kakhulu ngamandla (ingakumbi xa Ucinga isikali), kodwa ukubola ngokukhawuleza kakhulu - iminyaka ne30-50.

Kakhulu "heavy 'inkunkuma

1. Waste equlethe imetyhuri. kwiithemometha ezaphukileyo kunye nezibane, nezinye izixhobo. Sonke khumbula ukuba mercury ubushushu eyaphukileyo yaba umthombo uxinzeleko imeko enzima - nangoko amatakane uphum'aphele kwiindawo 'zimdaka ", ngoxa abantu abadala ziqokelelwa ngocoselelo kakhulu" intswahla "emgangathweni iibhola metal engamanzi. Ubungozi kakhulu lesigidi zinobungozi ngokulinganayo umntu kunye umhlaba - qho amashumi ngonyaka eetoni izinto zilahlwa, ebangela umonakalo noqhekeko kwimvelo. Kungenxa yoko le nto mercury eyabelwe yokuqala (ephezulu) udidi ingozi - ahlela izinto ezizodwa ulwamkelo kwenkunkuma equlethe imetyhuri kwizikhongozeli ezi zizinto eziyingozi babekwa kwizikhongozeli evaliweyo, ephawulwe igcinwe kude amaxesha ngcono, xa unako ngokukhuselekileyo ilahlwe - kuba ri mzuzu lesigidi alufanelekanga kakhulu.
2. Iibhetri. Iibhetri, indlu, ezoshishino kunye neebhetri izithuthi ziqulathe kuphela phambili, kodwa sulphuric acid, kwakunye uluhlu kwezinye izinto eziyityhefu, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu-bume. Enye Ibhetri yesiqhelo, ofumene evela kude TV kunye waphoswa esitratweni, kwabuzwa ityhefu ye square metres yomhlaba. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imizi emikhulu abaninzi baye kwabonakala amanqaku zokuqokelela mobile for neebhetri ekhayeni asetyenziswa kunye nezihlanganisi, nto leyo ibonisa ingozi enkulu ebangelwa inkunkuma enjalo.
3. kwenkunkuma eqhumayo. Uninzi inkunkuma enobungozi - ukufa nentshabalalo ngohlobo yayo ecocekileyo. inkunkuma eqhumayo ukugxila eyaneleyo kutshabalalisa zonke izinto eziphilayo, nkqu ngaphandle ukudibana ngqo. Kakade ke, akukho namnye uya kuyilahla wachitha iintonga amafutha etiphini - ukubekwa kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma evela "heavy metal" yinkqubo enzulu kakhulu. Kuba esezantsi-level kunye ezingasafunekiyo kwinqanaba eliphakathi (ukuba esingephi isiqingatha-ubomi), kwizingxobo ezahlukeneyo apho izinto zeemoto zizaliswe ngodaka lwesamente okanye ngetha. Emva kokuphela besiqingatha ubomi, inkunkuma enjalo zilahlwe inkunkuma nje abaqhelekileyo. inkunkuma yezinga eliphezulu adluliselwa ukusetyenziswa sesekondari ubugcisa ezimbaxa yaye kubize. Uzeleyo processing inkunkuma yezinga eliphezulu "metal elimdaka", kwinqanaba langoku nophuhliso lobugcisa, akunakwenzeka, yaye babekwa kwizikhongozeli ezizodwa, ugcinwe ithuba elide kakhulu - umzekelo, neyuranium-234 isiqingatha ubomi nama ikhulu elinamanci amawaka eminyaka!

Isimo kwingxaki inkunkuma kutshanje

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ingxaki longcoliseko kwenkunkuma yenye yezona kakhulu futhi impikiswano. Same ezahlukeneyo isimo sengqondo kuyo oorhulumente kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kumazwe amaninzi Western, ingxaki yokujongwa kwakhona nokurisayikilisha inkunkuma kubaluleke kakhulu - ukwahlulwa inkunkuma yasekhaya elandelwa processing ekhuselekileyo, amakhulu mveliso ukuze zirisayikilisheke, iindawo ezizodwa ezikhuselweyo yokulahla izinto eziyingozi kakhulu kwaye ityhefu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umgaqo-nkqubo "kuqoqosho non inkunkuma-" kwamanye amazwe - inkqubo apho ekusetyenzisweni kwenkunkuma iya kulingana kwi 100%. Eyona ibanga le ndlela siye eDenmark, eJapan, eSweden, eSkotlani kunye Netherlands.

Xa amazwe hlabathi wesithathu izibonelelo zemali kunye lombutho processing ngendlela nokurisayikilisha inkunkuma apho. Oku kuphumela lweetiphu ezinkulu apho inkunkuma kamasipala phantsi kwempembelelo zemvula, ilanga kunye nomoya ayikhuphi umphunga oyityhefu kakhulu, etheni ngeenxa zonke amashumi leekhilomitha. E Brazil, Mexico, India, amazwe aseAfrika, amakhulu eehektare inkunkuma eyingozi ndingqongwe multi-million sixeko, nto leyo imihla zisongeze "oovimba" zabo nenkunkuma ezintsha ezintsha.

Zonke iindlela nokulahla inkunkuma

1. zokulahla inkunkuma kwiindawo zokuyilahla. Indlela uqhelekileyo zokulahla inkunkuma. Enyanisweni, ubutyobo liyasuswa nje ebusweni, kuphela kukuba ilahlwe phandle emnyango. Ezinye lweetiphu i sogcino lexeshana phambi kokuba processing kwi nesityalo inkunkuma, kunye nabanye, ingakumbi kumazwe kwihlabathi wesithathu ikhula kuphela ngobukhulu.
2. Etiphini yenkunkuma ehleliweyo. ubutyobo enjalo kakhulu ngakumbi "ephucukile". processing Its Akubizi kakhulu kwaye isebenza ngakumbi kakhulu. Phantse onke amazwe Western aseYurophu baye bafudukela inkqubo lwenkunkuma eyahlukileyo, kunye umnikel 'umva iphakheji "multi' inkunkuma yasekhaya ngaphandle izohlwayo enzima kakhulu.
3. Izitovu. Xa izityalo ezinjalo utshabalale usebenzisa ubushushu inkunkuma. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwenkunkuma kunye namakhono zemali, kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe ezahlukeneyo.
4. Ukutshisa udoti recovery amandla. Ngoku izicokisi bayanda nokusebenzisa iteknoloji ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwamandla ukusuka kwenkunkuma - umzekelo, eSweden "amandla inkunkuma" enikiweyo 20% iimfuno zelizwe. Ihlabathi Ndiyaqala ndiyakuqonda ukuba inkunkuma - ukuba imali.
5. Processing. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo inkunkuma inokuphinda irisayikilishwe aphinde asetyenziswe. Kuba ngokomkhamo ubuninzi ukulahla ngoku bafuna kumazwe aphuhlileyo. I elula kakhulu ri paper, iinkuni kunye nenkunkuma ukutya.
6. Ukulondolozwa nokugcinwa. Le ndlela iyasetyenziswa wenkunkuma kakhulu enobungozi kwaye ityhefu - mercury, yokugcina eqhumayo.

Imeko ne yokulahla inkunkuma kunye okurisayikilisha Russia

Russia kule nkalo usemva kakhulu kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Sibe nzima into indawo enkulu, kukho inani elikhulu kwamashishini ugugile, imeko yezoqoqosho Russian, yaye yintoni ekufuneka izono, iinkolelo basekhaya ochaza ngcono UMVUZO ibinzana ezithandwayo isakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nokungafuni esibi abamelwane bayazi malunga iingxaki.

On kubani kufanele

Sweden yayokufika kwizinga lomyinge we ri kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma ukuba akwanelanga! Balwa ngisho kulo mzekelo eNorway, ngexabiso ukulungiswa nendlu kunye mveliso amanxuwa zabo.

I-Japanese kwakhona Ndamangaliswa kubamelwane babo - eJapan 98% ye-metal ezisetyenziselwa yesibini. Ngaphezu koko, kutshanje, izazinzulu Japanese wafumanisa iintsholongwane ezitya zeplastiki! Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi balumke, ezi ezincinane eziphilayo kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba indlela engundoqo polyethylene ngokurisayikilisha.