Isiqingatha-ubomi lweziqalelo radioactive - ntoni na nendlela ungawuchaza? Formula isiqingatha ubomi

Imbali nasekufundweni radioactivity waqala Matshi 1, 1896, xa nzulu esidumileyo French Anri Bekkerel ngengozi wafumana into engaqhelekanga xa imitha of iityuwa uranium. Kwathi kanti loo ipleyiti yokuthathwa, ibekwe kwibhokisi nge isampuli konakaliswe. Oku sisiphumo kumazwe sinakho kwemitha phezulu gaze, nto leyo bacebisa uranium. Le propati ifumaneka izinto esisinda ngaphezulu, ngokuzalisa le lwezakhi. Wanikwa igama elithi "yemisebe".

Thina Fundisa iimpawu ubuthi

Le nkqubo - kulogo ilungu Ukuguqulwa atom Isotope xa Isotope ezahlukeneyo kunye ngendaleko ngaxeshanye amasuntswana nezakhiwo (elektroni, nuclei atom of helium). athom Ukuguquka wabonakala ngokuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kokufuna Ukunciphisa amandla lwangaphandle. Eyona ubungakanani eziphawula ukukhululwa amandla ngexesha lenkqubo yokuguga, ngokuba umsebenzi.

umsebenzi isampuli radioactive ekuthiwa inani Kusenokwenzeka kuwohloka isampuli nganye kwexesha unit. In the SI (System International) iyunithi yokulinganisa nto ibizwa ngokuba becquerel (Bq). Kwenye Becquerel yamkela umsebenzi isampuli a ololo kwenzeka kwi-avareji 1 sokonakalisa ngomzuzwana.

A = λN, apho λ- ukubola njalo, N - inani athom esebenzayo kwisampulu.

α ekwanti, β, γ-ibola. Ezi zibalo esihambelanayo zibizwa ngokuba imithetho neyalo:

igama	Kwenzeka ntoni	yokusabela equation
ukubola α	ukuguqulwa ingxenye atom kwi X Y isiqalo ukukhupha nucleus ye atom helium	X Z A → Z-Y 2 A-4 + 4 2 Yena
β - sokonakalisa	ukuguqulwa ingxenye atom kwi X Y ngumongo kunye kwakhululwa electron	Z A → Z + X 1 Y A + -1 e A
γ - ukubola	ezingahambi utshintsho ngumongo, amandla wakhululwa ngokohlobo i wave electromagnetic	X Z A → Z X A + γ

Ixesha lokuphumla ubuthi

Lo mzuzu ye ekuweni amasuntswana ayikwazi ukuba abekwe ngenxa atom ethile. Ngokuba kuye, oko kunokuba "engozini" kunokuba a ipateni. Ukuqhela lwamandla olwahlula inkqubo, ichazwa umsebenzi isampulu.

Ku waphawula ukuba itshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngoxa iziseko ngabanye ukubonisa iqondo elimangalisayo Bonga lwemitha, kukho izinto abankonzo kunciphisa izihlandlo eziliqela ngexeshana elifutshane. Amazing iintlobo! Ngaba unako ukufumana ipateni kwezi nkqubo?

Kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba kukho ixesha apho kanye nesiqingatha atom le ndlovu novavanyo ukubola. Eli xesha lokuphumla ubizwa ngokuba 'isiqingatha-ebomini ". Iyintoni na intsingiselo ngokuqaliswa kolu luvo?

Yintoni Kwisiqingatha ubomi?

Kubonakala ukuba ixesha elilingana nexesha, kanye isiqingatha atom asebenzayo ikhefu isampula langoku. Kodwa ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ngexesha zonke atom asebenzayo iba ngokupheleleyo kwisiqingatha-ubomi ezimbini? Akunjalo konke. Emva kwindawo ethile isampuli isiqingatha izinto radioactive yi umlinganiselo ofanayo athom eseleyo ixesha ubola nesiqingatha, njalo-njalo. Yemisebe sithatha ixesha elide, ngaphezulu kakhulu kwisiqingatha-ubomi. Ngenxa yoko, i-atom esebenzayo kwisampulu zigcinwa ngokuzimeleyo kwimitha

Kwisiqingatha ubomi - angamthengisela kuxhomekeke kuphela iimpawu kweziyobisi. Ixabiso kuchazwa ukuba izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezininzi eyaziwayo eqhumayo.

Uluhlu: "Isiqingatha ubomi kuwohloka izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezithile"

igama	abizwa	uhlobo ekonakaleni	isiqingatha impilo
Radium	88 Ra 219	alpha	imizuzwana 0.001
wemagniziyam	12 mg 27	beta	imizuzu 10
radon	86 YE 222	alpha	iintsuku 3.8
ayibe	27 Co 60	beta, gamma	minyaka 5.3
Radium	88 Ra 226	alpha, gamma	iminyaka 1620
Uranus	92 238 U	alpha, gamma	iminyaka 4.5 billion

Ukuzimisela wesiqingatha-ubomi eyenziwa ngokomfuniselo. Xa izifundo laboratory olwenziwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo yokulinganisa umsebenzi. Ekubeni iisampulu kwilebhu buncinci bobukhulu (ngumphandi ukhuseleko ngaphezu kwabo bonke), olu lingelo lwenziwa amathuba ezahlukeneyo, phindwa amaxesha amaninzi. Oku kusekelwe amaxesha msebenzi arhente zotshintsho.

Ukuze kumiselwe nakwisiqingatha ubomi umsebenzi elilinganisiweyo le wesampula kumathuba ngexesha elithile. Sisazi ukuba parameter enxulumene ubungakanani athom ukudilika kuwo umthetho ukubola radioactive, ukucaza isiqingatha-ubomi.

Iinkcazelo UMZEKELO ukuba Isotope

Makhe inani izinto ezisebenzayo ze-Isotope ngexesha elinikiweyo ulingana N, ixesha lekhefu apho mazwi t ₂ - t ₁ apho isiqalo nesiphelo kubuka close ngokwaneleyo. Ucinge ukuba n - inani athom yaphela ngexesha lekhefu elinikiweyo, ngoko n = KN (t ₂ - t _1).

Kweli binzana, K = 0.693 / T½ - ukulingana factor, ebizwa njalo ukubola. T½ - Kwisiqingatha ubomi Isotope.

Zicingele ukuba iyunithi ixesha slot. Ngaloo ndlela K = n / N ibonisa iqhezu eziba Isotope disintegrating langoku nganye kwexesha unit.

Ukwazi ixabiso rhoqo ukubola nga iyakumiselwa kwaye nesiqingatha ubomi ukubola: T½ = 0.693 / K.

Oku kulandela ukuba iyunithi xesha nganye akukho waphula inani elithile athom esebenzayo, kwaye inani elithile.

Umthetho ukubola radioactive (spp)

Half-eziphilayo spp basis. Pattern ethathwe Frederick Soddy kunye Ernest Rutherford ngokusekelwe iziphumo zovavanyo 1903. Kuyamangalisa ukuba imilinganiselo ezininzi ezenziwe yezixhobo sikude egqibeleleyo ngokwemiqathango ngenkulungwane yokuqala omabini, kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezichanekileyo kwaye esebenzayo. Waba sisiseko kwengcamango yemisebe. Ukufumana longeno yemathematika womthetho ukubola eqhumayo.

- Vumela N ₀ - inani athom esebenzayo ngexesha esebenzayo. Emva kwexesha lekhefu t uya nondecomposed N iziqalelo.

- Ngelo xesha elilingana nakwisiqingatha ubomi zisahleli zilolwaa isiqingatha eziqalelo esebenzayo: N = N _0/2.

- Emva kokuba ixesha nesiqingatha isampuli zezi: N = N _0/4 = N _0/2 ² atom esebenzayo.

- Emva ixesha elilingana esinye isiqingatha-ubomi, isampuli baligcine kuphela: N = N _0/8 = N ^_0/2 Matshi.

- Ngelo xesha xa host n isiqingatha periods-kwi sihlahla ziya kuhlala ₀ N = N / 2 ⁿ we amasuntswana esebenzayo. Kweli binzana n = t / T½: umlinganiselo phenyo nakwisiqingatha ubomi.

- uye spp Ukuzibonakalisa ngokwezibalo ngandlel 'ithile kube lula ngakumbi kwimisebenzi: N = N ₀ 2 ^{- t / _T½.}

Le ndlela ivumela ukumisela, ukongeza nakwisiqingatha ubomi, inani athom Isotope olusebenzayo nondecomposed ngexesha elinikiweyo. Ukwazi inani athom isampula ekuqaleni kusakhelwa, emva kwexesha elithile, uyakwazi ukubona ixesha beziyobisi.

Ukumisela Kwisiqingatha ubomi radioactive formula komthetho ukubola inceda kuphela xa ezithile parameters: inani izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo esebenzayo kwisampulu, kunzima ukufumana ngokwaneleyo.

Imiphumo yomthetho

Record spp ifomula ungakwazi, usebenzisa ingqiqo ubunzima umsebenzi kunye nokulungiselela atom.

Umsebenzi ke ngokomlinganiselo inani athom radioactive: A = A ₀ • 2 ^{-t / T.} Kule formula, A ₀ - umsebenzi isampuli ngexesha zero, A - umsebenzi emva t imizuzwana, T - isiqingatha-ubomi.

Weight osisiqu ingasetyenziswa kwakuloo mzekelo: m = m ₀ • 2 ^{-t / T}

Kuba naziphi na ngamathuba rhoqo esophula unguYe inani elifanayo atom radioactive ezikhoyo kule ukulungiselela.

Imida ukusebenza lomthetho

Umthetho kuzo zonke i-manani, esicacisa iinkqubo a sekuba. Kuyaqondakala ukuba isiqingatha-ubomi izinto radioactive - manani. Uhlobo probabilistic iziganeko eziba atomic lubonisa ukuba undoqo engenasizathu nga ngokuwa naliphi na ixesha. Qikelela isiganeko akunakwenzeka, sinako ukubona intembeko yayo kuphela ngexesha. Ngenxa yoko, nakwisiqingatha ubomi akwenzi ngqiqo:

• ukuba atom ethile;
• iingqimba lwesampulu ebuncinane.

Lilonke atom

Ubukho atom kwi imeko yayo yoqobo ukuze zihlale owesibini, mhlawumbi kwizigidi zeminyaka. Thetha malunga nexesha amasuntswana zobomi nalo akukho mfuneko. Xa ufaka imali elingana nexabiso avareji lilonke athom, uyakwazi ukuthetha malunga ubukho athom kukho Isotope radioactive, imiphumo ukubola eqhumayo. Isiqingatha-ebomini ngumongo atom kuxhomekeke iimpawu atom kwaye akuxhomekekanga kwezinye amanani.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba yokusombulula ingxaki: indlela ukufumana isiqingatha-ubomi, esazi sokuphila avareji?

Ukuze ubone indlela yonxibelelwano isiqingatha-ubomi ngenxa yobomi kwe Atom kunye ukubola rhoqo uncedo, akukho ngaphantsi.

_{τ = T 1/2 / ln2 = T} 1/2 / 0,693 = 1 / λ.

Kule ngxelo, τ - avareji esaphila, λ - njalo ukubola.

Ukusebenzisa Kwisiqingatha ubomi

spp Isicelo isigqibo ubudala iisampuli ngamnye isagquba kuphando kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini emva kwexesha. Ukuchaneka emisela ubudala zakudala eziphili zamandulo ukuze bayanda ukuze zinike siqonde ixesha wobomi BC kwiwaka.

Radiocarbon yefosili iisampuli organic ngokusekelwe ukutshintsha umsebenzi carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) ngoku kuzo zonke izinto. Loo gusha yeyela umzimba ophilileyo ngexesha ukutya kwaye esikuzo kwi enamandla ethile. Emva kokufa yokucolwa kunye nokusingqongileyo uphelile. Uyondelelwano lwee- carbon iwela ngenxa ukubola zendalo, umsebenzi kunciphisa kulingana.

Izimiso ezinjalo, nakwisiqingatha ubomi, ifomula yomthetho yokuguga kunceda ukumisela ixesha ngokunqunyanyiswa ibubomi kumzimba.

Chain of zinguquko radioactive

izifundo imisebe lwaqhutywa kwiimeko elebhu. amangalisayo izinto radioactive busebenza iiyure, iintsuku okanye iminyaka ayikwazanga asifikanga yamothusa ekuqaleni yemvelo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Studies, umzekelo, thorium, kulandele iziphumo ezingalindelekanga: in a ampoule okuvala umsebenzi walo ebalulekileyo. Xa otakayo nakancinane kuyo bawa. Isiphelo yayilula: uguqulo thorium kukhatshwa kokukhutshwa radon (gas). Zonke izinto kwi yemisebe uguqulwa into eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, yaye apho iimpawu zomzimba imichiza. Le into, yena, naye ezingazinzanga. Ngoku eyaziwayo imiqolo emithathu zinguquko efanayo.

Ulwazi kwezi utshintshwano zibaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni ngexesha kwiindawo nokungafumaneki ziintsholongwane kwinkqubo yophando atomic yenyukliya, okanye ntlekele. Isiqingatha-ubomi neplutoniyam - kuxhomekeke izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo yayo - kuluhlu ukususela 86 s (Pu 238) ukuya 80 Ma (Pu 244). Uyondelelwano lwee- Isotope ngamnye kunika uluvo malunga ixesha ndawo yokubulala.

Le metal kuyabiza

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kule mihla kukho imali eninzi kakhulu metal ngaphezu kwegolide, isilivere kunye platinum. Ezi ziquka neplutoniyam. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngokwesimo wadala inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni kwale neplutoniyam ayifumanekanga. izinto ezininzi afunyanwa phantsi kweemeko elebhu. Nokusebenza neplutoniyam-239 ngo-reactor zenyukliya kuye kwamenza ukuba uthandwa kakhulu kule mihla. Ukufumana ezaneleyo ukuze zisetyenziswe zamandla ze isixa Isotope kwenza phantse gqitha.

Neplutoniyam-239 ifunyenwe vivo ngenxa reactions chain kwi neyuranium-239 Neptunium-239 (isiqingatha-ubomi - Iiyure ezi-56). chain efanayo ikuvumela ukuba yande neplutoniyam kwi zamandla zenyukliya. Izinga elivela inani elifunekayo kune izigidi wendalo amaxesha.

Isicelo Amandla

Kukho intetho lukhulu iintsilelo lamandla enyukliya kunye 'ngokungaqheleki "lobuntu ukuba phantse nawuphi na umngxuma isetyenziswa ukubulala ngohlobo lwazo. Ukuvulwa neplutoniyam-239, nto leyo nako ukuthatha inxaxheba ephambili kule chain reaction yenukliya uvumelekile ukuba ungayisebenzisa njengendlela njengomthombo wamandla ngoxolo. Uranium-235 i-analogue le neplutoniyam ezifumaneka kweli hlabathi kunqabile kakhulu, khetha ukusuka kwi ekrwada uranium kunzima kakhulu ngakumbi kunokuba ukufumana neplutoniyam.

Age of the Earth

Uhlalutyo Radioisotope of izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo izinto radioactive inika uluvo echanileyo ngakumbi xa lilonke isampuli ethile.

Ukusebenzisa chain yenguqu "of uranium - thorium", eziqulathwe kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, kwenza kube lula ukufumanisa ubudala iplanethi yethu. Ipesenti ezi zinto kwi-avareji kulo kwesikhoko oxhasa le ndlela. Ngokutsho idatha yakutshanje, ubudala Umhlaba yiminyaka 4.6 billion ubudala.