Utyelelo Khrushchev eya US ngo 1959 facts Historical

"Mna wamema ngokwakhe!" - izibizo njenge American ohlasela kutyelelo N. lokuqala S. Hruscheva ukuya eUnited States. Umhla i amazwe obalaseleyo yehlabathi; ngenxa yokuba akukho mntu ndandingenakho nokulicingela ngoko ukuba into efana le nto ingenzeka. I-United States kunye eSoviet Union - utshaba inani elinye ngexesha, ukuba amtshabalalise omnye babeqhankqalaza zenyukliya nangaliphi na ixesha. Utyelelo Khrushchev eya US (1959) ngokufutshane kuchazwe isivakalisi esinye:-mntu mnye show, apho Khrushchev wadlala indima enkulu phambi Melika. Thina ukuchaza iinkcukacha zethu nqaku kwenzeka njani oku.

US kunye nobuhlobo Soviet kwi olwandulela lotyelelo

Umfundi namhlanje nokuba uqonde ukuba yintoni na kutyelelo lokuqala Khrushchev ukuya eUnited States. Year - 1959, ngaphambi koko, xa lo Twentieth Party Congress ngowe-1953, kwabhengezwa ukuba akunakuphepheka kwemfazwe olandelayo.

Ngowe-1956, i-eSoviet Union wabhengeza imfundiso zomkhosi omtsha - ukusetyenziswa ubunzima izakhono yenyukliya kunye enomjukujelwa ekulweni.

Ngowe-1957, ilizwe lethu libe namava enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa yokuqala ehlabathini enjalo. Iindawo grand kakhulu nje ukuba kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye i-US ngokukodwa: AmaMelika siphila komnye lizwekazi, ukuba ekwanti ngokobume ukusuka lonke ihlabathi, umkhosi wabo weenqanawa ngokuthembekileyo ubagcine kuyo nayiphi nokuhlaselwa, Njengokungeniswa Pearl Harbor, ngokusebenzisa, izigqibo kwenziwa, abaqhelekileyo America emva uloyiso emfazweni yehlabathi II sele uqinisekile ukuba akukho mntu kweli hlabathi akukho kuphinda ukusongela ukhuseleko lwabo. Ewe, i-USSR kunye United States baye izixhobo zenyukliya ezinokuthi kutshabalalisa ihlabathi, kodwa oko kwenziwe ngendlela iziqhushumbisi enkulu ukususela ebuhlungu kuba bengaphumelelanga. Ezi zibhombu kusafuneka ukuba ukuhambisa moya ukuya kumda US kwaye wokulahla apho. inkqubo air wokhuselo kakuhle American, ophezu iziseko aselwandle eUnited States yayiquka imijukujelwa, iinqanawa, abathwali moya, Jets umlweli kunye nezinye. Phinda ibhombu enyukliya baseMerika, kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Emva koko kuza zonke izihloko kumaphephandaba ukuba i-USSR kwakukho rocket omkhulu, okwaziyo naphi na ehlabathini ukuba angasibetha entliziyweni New York, osewufikelele kwiziko ephakamileyo ukulwenza ukuziphendulela umoya. Kubonakala ukuba ikhaka wokhuselo yaseMelika wadala iminyaka emininzi, akayi kubasindisa eUnited States uchuku. amazwe nkulu waziphosa kwimeko one- yokoyika isisongelo "Uphambene Russian" - nala mazwi ngokuba eendaba eliseNtshona ixesha.

Kwaye eli xesha inkwantyisayo ihlabathi Western lapapasha ingxelo kungekudala eza kwenzeka kutyelelo lokuqala lobuhlobo of Khrushchev ukuya eUnited States. Lo mhla yabonakala njenge yiholide, nto leyo enika ithemba izigidi baseMerika ukuba mhlawumbi Russian hayi njenge "crazy" njengoko zazimele eendaba namaphephandaba ngaphambi ko, yaye akayi kutshabalalisa West omnye ugwayimbo yenyukliya imijukujelwa weave.

isimemo

Khrushchev kaThixo ukutyelela i-USA lokuqala lwenzeka Bulelani isimemo ye US Mongameli Eisenhower. Last wayesazi ukuba inkokeli yiSoviet wayenomdla inkcubeko eNtshona kunye noqoqosho, njengoko sele waphawula ukuba umsantsa kwezoqoqosho kunye US eSoviet Union.

Le demonization eSoviet Union, amajelo eendaba Western wathabatha ngaphambi omncinane kwexesha. Khrushchev kwiminyaka yokuqala wobukumkani bakhe bezama ukufumana ecaleni amazwe nkulu kunye, wayefuna 'zihlale kunye ngoxolo nabo. " Nangona kunjalo, lo ngowona imfazwe elitsha, i-jikelele unobhala nangoku kwaba njalo, njengoko kwaba kude abaziziyatha, wawukhumbula kakuhle kwizifundo zembali, kwakunye ngenkohliso zokubonisana Koloni.

Injongo yale isimemo

UMongameli Eisenhower wayefuna ukusombulula iwonga Berlin, njengoko iinkokheli yiSoviet engasekho uza ukulunyamezela "ummandla umsebenzi" esixekweni. Ukusuka eSoviet Zone of eJamani kwadala umbuso entsha - i-German Democratic Republic - nekomkhulu yayo eBerlin. Nyamezela kulo mzi, "phambi oongxowankulu" ubunkokeli bethu wayengafuni. Entlakohlaza zasehlotyeni ka-1959, saba iintetho Ministers Foreign eGeneva, kodwa akuphumelelanga.

isimemo Personal ukuba utyelelo Khrushchev kwi-United States of America waziswa evela nooSekela baPhathiswa USSR nguSihlalo Frol Kozlov, ngubani waya ukuvulwa mboniso eSoviet.

"Ndiyavuma, ekuqaleni abazange bakholwe. ubuhlobo bethu ukuze bumuncu ukuba isimemo utyelelo enobuntu kwintloko urhulumente waseSoviet kunye noNobhala First of the CPSU Committee Central Yayingakholeleki "-! Nikita Khrushchev kamva uyakhumbula.

Lo matshini American kwakhona babengenako ukukholwa, kodwa kungekudala kwakukho iinkcukacha umoyisele zonke endaweni yayo: President Eisenhower wayalela umqeshwa weSebe kaRhulumente (US Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Robertu Merfi kudlula isimemo Kozlov ukuba utyelelo Khrushchev eya US. Utyelelo efunekayo wayeza kuba oko iinkokeli eSoviet Union bavumelana kwisivumelwano eGeneva ngobume elizayo Berlin ngoxolo yaseMelika. Noko ke, Murphy walibala ukubalula le meko, yaye Khrushchev ngequbuliso nkqu Eisenhower wamkela isimemo.

Ukuba ukuguqulela oku ulwimi lobuchule bokuphathisana esiqhelweni, ngoko ke sifumane ezi zilandelayo: baseMerika kufuneka ukulondoloza indawo yazo e Berlin, kodwa eGeneva, oonozakuzaku zethu izitshitshisile zonke izicelo zabo. Emva koko, wazama ukuba amalungiselelo US inkokheli Khrushchev, ukwenza inelungelo kukho umfuziselo uNobhala Jikelele wethu, ebamema ukuba kotyelelo lobuhlobo. Xa umongo ezizayo IMfazwe, isimemo esinjalo kufuneka yakulahlwa, kodwa nangona kunjalo ezinye yokumpompoza kufuneka kwenzeke. Noko ke, Khrushchev ke akucingeleki, imizwa kokubini nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle. Wasamkela isimemo nge la mazwi: "Kulungile, ngoko ndiza kuhlala apho ngeveki okanye ezimbini." Eisenhower waba nyanzelekile ukuba uyavumelana nayo.

Indlela ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko?

Khrushchev kaThixo sibonwa eUnited States waba ukuba abe yintloko ngokwenene amapolisa Soviet mfihlakalo. Bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko eziphezulu kumazwe lobuhlobo kwi Union. Kodwa yintoni ukwenza ntoni kwilizwe elwayo, apho nayiphi na indlela kunokuba ibe yindawo eyingozi? Babengazi ukuba inkonyana, ngokuba kungekho amava afanelekileyo.

Amanye amalungu kunikezwa eSoviet bangathanda ukuba ucele baseMelika ukuba bafake up trellis amajoni axhobileyo American endleleni Khrushchev ukusuka moya zomkhosi kwi yokuhlala olinikiweyo.

Abanye wala ngenxa yokuba lo mqathango aluyiphelisi ukuzama, ukuba abezopolitiko Western isigqibo ukubulala yinkokeli USSR. Ekugqibeleni bagqiba ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba owonithemba ukukhuselwa arhente zobungqondi US, zikholwe yeziqinisekiso ye-nkqubo yazo zokhuseleko.

Indlela ukuya US?

Ngoku uhamba ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye kucingwa eziqhelekileyo, iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo akukho moya enjalo kwilizwe lethu, apho kuya kuba nako ukuphumeza ngaphandle kokufaka moya evela US USSR. Kwaye ke kukho imfuneko nantoni na ukuze ukubonisa West ukuba ilizwe lethu liye ubuchwepheshe yakutshanje. Ngoko ke sagqiba ekubeni ukufumana moya TU-114 - kuphela ngexesha le modeli okwazi ukwenza moya isuka lizwe lethu eWashington. Ingxaki kukuba imodeli okwangoku ngokupheleleyo avavanywe, ukuze kungabikho mntu umcandisa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabantu yokuqala karhulumente, ngaphandle umntu - ukuba umyili Andrey Tupolev model. Yena waqinisekisa ukuthembeka moya, kwaye ubungqina amazwi akhe bacebisa ukuba amalungu abasebenzi, unyana wakhe Alexei. Ukukhetha kwenziwa egameni le-Tu-114.

Kutheni Khrushchev bavumelana uhambo?

Ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, wathabatha utyelelo Khrushchev esiya US? Kwakutheni ukuze inkokeli eSoviet bavumelana uhambo? Enyanisweni, Khrushchev wayeqinisekile kwi iingenelo kwenkqubo yali kwaye bakholwa ukuba uloyiso wembali phezu capitalism imincili sokwenjenjalo. Sele kuphuhliswa imfundiso wesizwe, ngokwendlela apho 'kuya kuza ubukomanisi kwesi sizukulwana. " Imibhalo le ndlela kukuba "paradesi" nokuba yagubha phezu kwamatye ezikhumbuzo. Kodwa njengesiqhelo, le mfundiso ayizange kuzaliseka, yaye yonke imibhalo isuswa ngokukhawuleza kwi yee- zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, kodwa bengazi, kwaye inkokheli Soviet wayefuna ukubona i "kumgxobhozo West 'amehlo akhe.

UNobhala Jikelele njenge hlola?

Abanye badla bakholelwa ukuba utyelelo Khrushchev eya US kwafuneka 'abalozayo "kwiinkqubo ezikhuphisanayo, njengokuba ungaziva kwacaca ukuba West ithekhinoloji phambi kwethu iqala. EMpuma Yurophu wayesazi ukuba sele ekhulwini ikhulu, yaye ngowe-1956 kwakukho mvukelo e Hungary nxamnye amaKomanisi. Abaxhasi "ingcamango zokuveza" njengoko iimpikiswano kubangela ukuba Khrushchev akazange ukunikela ingqalelo fyabo langoku, apho wabonisa abezopolitiko Western, kwaye bazama 'Ukubheka "into" imfihlelo "kuba ecinga ukuba izinto eboniswe AmaMelika hayi umdla ethile. Ngoko ke, inkokeli yethu "iintshulube imfihlelo" hamburger, hotdog, self-nkonzo inkonzo, yokugcina iseli kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya kunye kwisikhululo sikaloliwe nengqolowa.

Konke oku kamva, yaye eSoviet Union. Ihambhega kunye dog eshushu ngenxa yezizathu yembono, labizwa ngokuba "iihagu ngeengubo" yaye "chopha kuvavanyo," yaye abantu Soviet babeqinisekile ukuba sithi oko. Kwaye amabele inkokheli ekugqibeleni yethu "Uthando", yokucinga ekugqibeleni wafumana El Dorado, imfihlelo yempumelelo yehlabathi yongxowankulu kwifama Iowa. Loo "Ibali umbona" ngexesha hambo wadala intsomi ukuba kukho Khrushchev kuthiwa isigqibo eksperimenti sakhe le nkcubeko. Enyanisweni, malunga mass iphulo kwezolimo nokulinywa umbona yaba intetho phambi uhambo. Khrushchev ngokwakhe wayethanda ukubiza "corncob" kokuba ukuqeshwa kwakhe kwisikhundla liphezulu yobunkokeli kweli lizwe kwaye isoloko bezisa iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo nokuqaliswa abaninzi kule inkcubeko. Isizathu soku "uthando" kule imifuno yaba kukuba ngo-1949 kusindiswa ingqolowa Ukrainian Soviet Republic ukusuka kwi "nendlala" elandelayo xa Khrushchev yaba isithuba sikaNobhala Jikelele iqela kweli lizwe. Kwezinye iingingqi USSR wayekade indlala ngenxa isilimo kunye nokunqongophala zolondolozo. Noko ke, utyelelo Khrushchev eya US ngo 1959 ngenqindi phantsi isekelwe elukholweni lwakhe ukuba le nkcubeko imfuneko engxamisekileyo ukwazisa kwi USSR. Kamva, kwezolimo wethu uye neembila zithutha ngenxa eksperimenti nale imifuno, kunye nabantu Soviet wawuqalekisa kuNobhala Jikelele ekhitshini, zidla ingqolowa isonka endaweni yengqolowa. Fair ukuba bathi namhlanje Russian Ministry of Agriculture yamkele yemifuniselo Nikita Khrushchev kusungulo umbona kuqoqosho lwesizwe, njengoko yandisa imveliso yenkomo kunye zobisi iinkomo. Kodwa ke uyavuma ukuba "akukho kuyimfuneko, Kakade ke, lonke ilizwe ukuhlwayela umbona."

I isimanga sokuqala

Utyelelo Khrushchev eya US kwenzeka ngo-1959 kwaye sikhatshwe ezahlukeneyo yokufuna ulwazi. Maxa wambi kuvela ukuba inkokeli eSoviet, yaye kwangaxeshanye ukuzama ukuqonda iimfihlelo West, kwaye ngexesha elinye ku n'wi noludumileyo zenkcubeko zabo, wazithabatha ngokwakhe kwindawo nzima.

Ngelo mveliso, IBM osikhokelayo wahlala akakukhathalele nemveliso, imbonakalo yakhe yonke ezibonisa ukuba nathi, nathi, yonke into apho. Khumbula ukuba ngowe-1959 kwakukho kuqala ehlabathini kweekhompyutha kwi transistor kwinqanaba eliphezulu kukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza ukuba US Air Force wakufumanisa kunokwenzeka ukuba ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo air wokhuselo yokulunkisa kwangethuba. Khrushchev engenaso wachukumiseka, njengoko umsebenzi ababa nalo weni kuphuculo iikhompyutha lwenziwa kwilizwe lethu, kwaye "corncob 'ukuze aqonde amatsha olululo ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi aphantsi kule ndawo. Oko kukuthi, lo fyabo uvumele IBM ukuba abe yinkokeli sezwe technology computer.

Kodwa Khrushchev wayithanda enye fyabo - self-nkonzo kwigumbi lokutyela. Kakade ke, uNobhala Jikelele akazange ungathanda ukubonisa gala kwakhe yaye rhoqo ababesithi "kwi USSR ngcono." Noko ke, abaninzi waqonda ukuba Khrushchev disingenuous.

e Hollywood

Utyelelo Khrushchev eya US ngo-1959 yaye iphawulwe efike e Hollywood. inkampani Film "Twentieth Century Fox" ezicwangciswe imbeko inkokeli sasemini yethu engayiwayo nabantu abangama-400. Uchulumanco kwaba kangangokuba wamenywa abadumileyo kuphela ngaphandle elingelolabo wabo wesibini, njengoko ukhetho abo bangenalo ngokwaneleyo.

Hollywood ngelo xesha, kulimale "igqwirha hunt" - ekulweni yokuduma of Communism eUnited States, abaninzi kangaka yeendwendwe oluhlanganisa nexhala. . Nakuba kunjalo, phantse zonke ezaziwayo-kakuhle abadlali, abalawuli, abezopolitiko, ababhali bemidlalo kunye nabanye bathabatha inxaxheba sasemini: Bob Houp, Francis sinatra, uMarilyn Monroe, Dzhon Kennedi , kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Abanye, njenge-Bing Crosby kunye Ronald Reagan, njengophawu logwayimbo urhulumente yali ngokuqaqadeka bazitshitshisela isimemo. Abanye boyika nje nakwizibetho zabo, yaye akazange aye kule ntlanganiso, njengoko phezu kwawo sele kwiKomishoni Yophando on Imisebenzi Un-American. Phakathi bantu kwaba bobabini umbhali odumileyo Arthur Miller, kodwa umfazi wakhe, Marilyn Monroe yayiyeyona zimelwe ziinkokeli yiSoviet.

Khrushchev on the film

Emva iindwendwe isidlo sasemini baye bagqiba ukubonisa ukudutyulwa ifilimu "Cancan". Abaququzeleli ngabom ukhethe i bhanya ingakumbi piquant ukuqhekeka elizayo. umculo ongxolayo wabaleka onguSibahle yaye baqalisa ukudanisa mihle, izikethi kakhulu nokuphakamisa. Kamva, zintatheli Zange ndiphoswe ithuba lokubuza yinkokeli eSoviet ukuba ucinga izinto ezinjalo. Olu hlobo inkokheli zethu ngokuba "okungamanyala", yaye kuthiwa akazange una- zabo phezu kwazo. Noko ke, ukudutyulwa iintatheli ukuya koko.

Kwintlanganiso kunye nemibutho zemanyano yabasebenzi, Khrushchev wenza ukuveza ubhavumo lwakhe e yokuba i "ongumdlali ngokunyaniseka" ukuba "kuphakamisa isondo 'ngakwicala" yoluntu eyonakeleyo. " Kwaye ngoko inkokeli yethu akakuphosi thuba ndigxininise ukuba "kufuneka enjalo" inkululeko "akuyomfuneko 'kwaye' ukhetha ukucinga ngokukhululekileyo", hayi "qaphela iesile lakho." Noko ke, kule inkokeli eSoviet yena akazange ahluthe; waqala yama nale midaniso ukusuka umboniso, ewubeka esichengeni iesile lakhe esidlangalaleni. Ubuncinane, ngoko yabhalwa ngomnye zaseMelika - Sol Bellou, baliqabe utyelelo Khrushchev esiya US. Unyaka kwakhe ukhumbuleka ngokwenene, yaye ngokufuthi ukuba uyazicinga ezi ziganeko kubo bonke ubomi babo.

Utyelelo Khrushchev eya US: intlanganiso kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi

A ukuphoxeka real ukuba inkokheli wethu kuhlangana nemibutho zemanyano yabasebenzi eUnited States. Wacebisa ukuba kuye, uya kudibana kunye namahlakani akhe ekulweni kwihlabathi wongxowankulu. Kubo bonke abantu, kodwa nje "abasebenzi nzima" uyabucaphukela "ngabacinezeli kunye enslavers." Kodwa yena embi: inkokeli zemanyano zabasebenzi inkulu Uolter Rayter ugxeke indlela yonke yali USSR. Khrushchev wazama ukuba atshitshise baza bathi kuye: "ukungcatshwa sabasebenzi", kodwa ubuso Reiter wathi Nikita Sergeyevich ukuba akayi uyawalwela socialism kweli lizwe, kwaye usebenza kuphela ukuphucula ubomi ukusebenza.

Kamva, xa wabona Reiter ingeniso Khrushchev zibonisa ukuba oongxowankulu anyotywa zonke iinkokeli zemanyano zabasebenzi eUnited States.

"Kati efile Abafileyo"

Ngokubanzi, utyelelo Khrushchev eya US (1959), kukhatshwa izenzo ezininzi okucaphukisayo, isigqebelo, impoxo phezu inxalenye waseMelika. Le mibuzo ezingemnandi baba inkokheli zethu, abo bachatshazelwe kwimvukelo Hungarian. Ezi wachaza i "kati abafileyo abafileyo", wayebhekisela yokuba ezi ziganeko bezisoloko ngaphambili, kodwa iintatheli kunjalo ngale sihloko.

uhambo lwesibili

Khrushchev kwindawo yokuqala ukuya US - umhla, kakade, ekhumbulekayo, kodwa hayi inkokeli kuphela uhambo lwethu kwi "iintshaba nemibono". Kubonakala, emva koko inkokeli yethu ubunzima eUnited States ngowe-1959, akubonakali ukuya khona kwakhona. Noko ke, ngo-1960, wathetha kwi-15 kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwi-UN eNew York apho wagxeka ukwanda zongxowankulu eWest Afrika. Phezu kwalo, yena wathembisa ukubonisa ihlabathi "gruel." Amerika Ndoyika liguqulelwe ibinzana elithi "Siza kungcwaba kuwe, 'yaye yinkokeli yiSoviet emehlweni zehlabathi Western baba alwanelanga uzwilakhe, exunela ukonakalisa ihlabathi. Emva koko, omnye ngaphezulu isicwangciso utyelelo lula ka Khrushchev eUnited States (1961) akazange athabathe ndawo, yaye iqhalo "gruel" lifikile ukubonisa yenyukliya "Tsar-ibhombu 'ukuba USSR emva kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.