Unyaka kwaye eyafumana electron? Physics, discoverer electron: igama, imbali obafunyanwa kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Ingxoxo malunga eyafumana electron, usaqhubeka unanamhla. Xa indima novulindlela amasuntswana nezakhiwo, ngaphandle Dzhozefa Tomsona, ezinye mbali inzululwazi kubona Hendrik Lorentz kunye Pieter Zeeman, abanye - Emilya Viherta, kunye nabanye - Filippa Lenarda. Ngoko ke ngubani na - njengesazinzulu wafumanisa electron?

Ingaphezulu le - ayahlukahlukenanga kangaka

Igama elithi "atom" kubomi bemihla ngemihla iveziwe zobulumko. sazi Ancient Leucippus enye BC ngenkulungwane V. e. Ndacebisa ukuba wonke umntu ehlabathini yenziwa amasuntswana amancinane. zomfundi - Democritus wazibiza atom. Ngokutsho sobulumko, i-atom - "iibhloko zokwakha" wendalo iphela, awanakususwa kwaye ongunaphakade. Ukusuka imilo zabo zangaphezulu nesakhiwo iimpawu oxhomekeke kwezinto athom elibaleka amanzi - metal ogudileyo - namazinyo profiled, ukunika umzimba bobuso.

-Nzulu ebalaseleyo Russian M. V. Lomonosov, umseki ingcamango atom-lwalusanda babekholelwa ukuba ukwakhiwa ezilula corpuscles ezinto (molecule) ezenziwa lwento atomic, kunzima - ezahlukeneyo.

Wemithi wafundisa Dzhon wayeseDalton (Man) ngo-1803, xa ngokususela kwidatha zovavanyo kunye nokuthatha iyunithi ubunzima ibhanile athom hydrogen wafumana izihlwele isalamane atomic kwezinye izinto. theory Atomic eliNgesi obaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso olungaphezulu chemistry yemvelo.

Eyafumana electron?

Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kokuba efunde iqela data zovavanyo ezingqina ukuntsonkotha ngesakhiwo-athom. Oku kuquka i isivamvo (Hertz, A. Stoletov, 1887), ukuvulwa cathode (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) kunye X-reyi (X-reyi B., 1895) imitha, ubuthi (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Izazinzulu ukusebenza ngokudangazela cathode, yahlulwe kwiinkampu ezimbini: omnye kulindeleke lencinibakazi uhlobo isenzeko, omnye - corpuscular. iziphumo ezibambekayo baphumelela Unjingalwazi Ecole normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. Ngowe-1895, uye wabonisa ngalo abantu balinge ukuba imitha cathode i umsinga amasuntswana kakubi ityala. Mhlawumbi Perrin - physics, wafumanisa electron?

Embundwini womnyango wendlu impumelelo enkulu

Sezinto kunye yezibalo George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of Dublin) ngo-1874 yabhengeza Kwingcingane uhlobo obubobu kombane. Yintoni nyaka ngaye electron ivunjululwe? Ngexesha umsebenzi zovavanyo kuyo electrolyzed D. Stoney echazwe ixabiso ezizezona zisezantsi kagesi (nangona japan efunyenweyo (10 ^-20 Cl) yaba izihlandlo-16 ngaphantsi kwe kweyangoku i). kagesi esezantsi unit-1891 kwi-Irish Scientist ebizwa ngokuba 'electron "(ukusuka Greek" evuthiweyo ").

Emva konyaka, Gendrik Lorens (Leiden University, The Netherlands) uqulunqe iinkolelo eziphambili imfundiso yakhe electron, ekuthe ngenxa yawo kwahlaziywa isiseko isakhiwo naziphi na iziyobisi izityholo zombane ekhethekileyo. Ezi izazinzulu musa ukucinga novulindlela kwisuntswana, kodwa uphenyo zabo sethiyori practical baye isiseko esiluqilima ukuvulwa elizayo Thomson.

Umthandi sibambene

Nombuzo wokuba, xa kwaye eyafumana electron, iintyilalwazi ukunika impendulo ecacileyo kwamathandabuzo - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson ngo-1897. Ngoko ke yintoni na ngokwemfanelo yamachiza IsiNgesi?

Uyise ngumongameli elizayo ze-Royal Society yaba umthengisi kunye nabantwana owafaka unyana wakhe uthando ilizwi maziprintwe aze njengokufuna ulwazi olutsha. Emva kokugqiba owens College (1903 - Manchester University) kunye neYunivesithi yase Cambridge-1880, enye ingcali yezibalo oselula Dzhozef Tomson waya kusebenza kwi-Cavendish Laboratory. izifundo zovavanyo ude uthinjwe ngumfazi ngokupheleleyo sisazinzulu abaselula. Nabo waphawula ukuzinikezela kwakhe ngokungadinwayo kwaye uthando olukhulu umsebenzi wepraktikhali.

Ngowe-1884, xa ndandineminyaka engama-28, Thomson wamiselwa umalathisi elebhu, uyaphumelela iNkosi K. Rayleigh. Phantsi kwesikhokelo Thomson Laboratory kule minyaka ingama-35 ezayo indlela evuthwe sisifake kwelinye lala maziko inkulu physics yehlabathi. Ngoko ke waqalisa uhambo lwabo Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Ingqwalasela kwingcombolo

Umsebenzi wafunda cathode reyi Thomson waqalisa ukukhangela yemifuniselo abantu ababengaphambi kwakhe. Kuba amalinge amaninzi kwenziwe izixhobo ezizodwa imizobo zobuqu umlawuli lwaselebhu. Emva kokufumana isiqinisekiso amava esemgangathweni, Thomson Andiqondi nokuba ukucinge ukuba ayeke khona. Eyona njongo iphambili yale nto ibonwa ukuzimisela ngqo ubungakanani nohlobo kwimitha kunye amasuntswana zabo enqila.

tube New yakhiwe ukuba amalinge ilandelayo kumafa yayo, hayi kuphela cathode yesiqhelo kunye electrode nokukhawulezisa (ngokohlobo amacwecwe namakhonkco) kunye ombane aphambuke. corpuscles Feed ngqo kwi khusi nala maleko ubhityileyo amasuntswana eziphathekayo abumlilorha phezu impembelelo. Intsalela kulindeleke ukuba ukulawula intshukumo idibene zombane kunye ngemagnethi.

iinxalenye ingaphezulu

Discoverer kube nzima. Kunzima ukuba ukumela iinkolelo zabo, nto leyo zichasene amagama esekwe kakuhle amawaka eminyaka. Ukukholelwa wena, xa iqela lakho uThomson wenza indoda eyafumana electron.

Amava wanika Iziphumo emangalisa. yamasuntswana mass ngo amawaka amabini. amaxesha ezincinane kunolo ion hydrogen. Umlinganiselo kwentlawulo corpuscles ukunyulwa komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni kwi isantya sokuqukuqela abaninzi, iimpawu izinto cathode, uhlobo sukube medium apho yokumpompoza kwenzeka. Esi sigqibo babephikisana zonke iziseko: corpuscle - mba kwamaqondo eparticulate Universal kwi ekwakhiweni ye atom. Ixesha emva kwexesha, ngenkuthalo yaye ngocoselelo Thomson ikhangelwe iziphumo imifuniselo kunye izibalo. Xa mathandabuzo kusala, intetho kuhlobo semitha cathode of the Royal Society. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1897 Uyekile ukwenza i-atom ebumbene. Ngowe-1906, Dzhozef Tomson lawongwa ngebhaso Nobel ngo Physics.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Igama katitshala Koningsborskogo Geophysics, kwaye ngoko ke University of Gottingen, umphandi seismography iplanethi uJohann Emilya Viherta, eyaziwa ngcono professional komhlaba izangqa zejografi. Kodwa yena izazinzulu aqhelekileyo ngokwasemzimbeni. Yiyo kuphela umntu lowo inzululwazi esemthethweni, kunye Thomson, lo discoverer electron uyavuma. Ukuba sifuna ukuba ngqo ngokupheleleyo, amaphepha ukuchaza uhlolisiso nezinto izibalo Wiechert yapapashwa ngoJanuwari 1897 zezi - iinyanga ezine ngaphambi yengxelo eliNgesi kaThixo. Eyafumana electron - ngokwembali sele isigqibo, kodwa inyani.

Ukudluliselwa: ayikho imisebenzi yakhe, Thomson akazange asebenzise igama elithi "electron". Wasebenzisa igama elithi "corpuscles".

Ngubani wavula Proton, neutron nama electron?

Emva uzingela isuntswana ngentsimbi yokuqala eziziziqalelo ucingela phezu isakhiwo atom kunokwenzeka. Enye imifuziselo yokuqala ecetywayo yi Thomson. Atom, ngokutsho kwakhe, ufana isiqwenga pudding zeerasintyisi: a umzimba ngokuqinisekileyo ityala Zinokuxutywa amasuntswana ezimbi.

Ngowe-1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom) bacebisa ukuba umfuziselo langa ye atom unalo isakhiwo. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, wabeka phambili hypothesis ngobukho kwi ngumongo atom kakuhle ityala amasuntswana kunye, ebamkele oko ngokomfuniselo, ebizwa Proton. Kwakhona kwangaphambili ubukho yamasuntswana cala ngumongo kunye ubunzima Proton (neutron yafunyanwa ngama isazinzulu yaseBritani uYohane. Chadwick ngo-1932). Ngowe-1918, Dzhozef Tomson wanika kwilebhu ulawulo Ernest Rutherford.

Akubuzwa ukuba kokufunyanwa electron eye wavumela ukuba bahlole iimpawu zombane, Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nezibonwa yonke le nto. Kunzima ukuba zazi indima Thompson kunye nabalandeli bakhe kuphuhliso physics atomic yenyukliya.