History of Genetics (ngokufutshane). Imbali kuphuhliso fuzo Russia

Biology - umthamo isayensi kakhulu esizigubungeleyo zonke iinkalo ubomi lomntu wonke ophilileyo, ukususela isakhiwo microstructures yayo ngaphakathi emzimbeni kunye nonxibelelwano ziphethe yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye yonke. Kungenxa yoko le nto amacandelo kule uqeqesho kakhulu kunene. Nangona kunjalo, omnye oselula, kodwa elithembisayo, kwaye babe namhlanje ibaluleke ngakumbi kukuba imizila yemfuza. Zivela kamva ngaphezu kwabanye, kodwa ikwazile ukuba umthamo ungxamisekileyo, kubalulekile kwaye inzululwazi, nto leyo eye iinjongo yaso, iinjongo kunye into yokufunda. Khawuve oko imbali uphuhliso yemfuza kwaye ukuba eli sebe eziphilayo.

Genetics: intloko into yokufunda

Igama inzululwazi kuphela ngo-1906 ecetyiswa an eliNgesi Bateson. Ukuchaza kokuba anikwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kuba eyagcina ufunda indlela ufuzo, akukho lula yayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilileyo. Ngoko ke, eyona njongo iphambili ngeenjongo zokucacisa isakhiwo genetic izakhiwo inoxanduva ekudluliseni imikhwa ilifa, kwaye bafunde kakuhle le nkqubo.

Iinjongo zokufunda zezi:

• izityalo;
• izilwanyana;
• iintsholongwane;
• awafanele;
• abantu.

Ngenxa yoko, ibandakanya zonke ingqalelo zobukumkani ngemvelo, singalibalanga nayiphi na abameli. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba kuthi ga ngoku uninzi phezu njengomlambo uphando yeyona izidalwa zilula single-ezineseli, bonke yemfuza imifuniselo kuqhutywa kuzo, kwakunye bacteria.

Ukuze bafike ngoku ifumaneka iziphumo, imbali yemfuza lifikile ukukhwela elide kunye buhlungu. Xa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ixesha yokuba iye yabekwa phantsi nophuhliso olunzulu, lo zisabonakala epheleleyo. Noko ke, ekugqibeleni wayekade kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo phakathi usapho lwamacandelo eziphilayo.

History of Development Genetics ngokufutshane

Ukuze ube abambe yokosulelwa ingqalelo isebe eziphilayo, kuyimfuneko kukujongana ngaphambili kude kangaka. Emva ekuqaleni ithatha yemfuzo kwinkulungwane XIX. Kwaye ke umhla ukuzalwa yayo njengendlela yokuziqeqesha eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ingqalelo ngo-1900.

Ngendlela, ukuba sithethe kakhulu sele malunga imvelaphi, kufanele kuphawulwe iinzame lokulima nokuzalela, kweenkomo izilwanyana ixesha elide eyadlulayo. Ngapha koko, oku kwenziwa ngamafama kunye ranchers ngenkulungwane XV. kwenzeka nje ayikho indawo umbono zenzululwazi.

Uluhlu "Imbali Genetics" uya nkosi moments yayo engundoqo yembali ukubunjwa.

Le theyibhile ingentla ishwankathela imbali yemfuza ukuboniswa. Okulandelayo, makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha ezifunyaniswe eziphambili ngamaxesha awohlukeneyo.

ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu kwinkulungwane XIX

Umsebenzi iphambili yale xesha umsebenzi oosonzululwazi ezintathu ezisuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo:

• Holland G. de Vries - isifundo iimpawu ilifa zobuntu kwaqanjwa kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo;
• K. Correns e Germany - wenza into efanayo umzekelo ingqolowa;
• Austria K. Cermak - kuphinda yemifuniselo ka Mendel kwi-ertyisi imbewu.

Zonke ezi zinto zaye ngokusekelwe ezibhaliweyo umsebenzi iminyaka engama-35 ngaphambilana of Gregor Mendel, ngubani wachitha iminyaka emininzi yokufunda ne iziphumo ezibhalwe imisebenzi yezenzululwazi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi data musa kuvusa umdla bexesha lakhe.

Ngelo xesha linye imbali yemfuza iquka inani obafunyanwa ukuba isifundo iiseli lwegciwane abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba ezinye iimpawu ukuba ilifa, ayinakutshintshwa ingatshintshwanga. Abanye ethile ephilayo nganye kwaye enze isiphumo lohlengahlengiso neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Umsebenzi lwaqhutywa Strasburger, Chistyakov, Flemming kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Uphuhliso zenzululwazi kwinkulungwane XX

Njengoko usuku esemthethweni yokuzalwa 1900, akumangalisi ukuba kwimbali ngenkulungwane XX yaba kuphuhliso yemfuza. indlela Hybridological of uphando, wadala eli xesha, evumela kancinci kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ufumana iziphumo kakhulu.

Ukudalwa yenkqubela ezintsha kwezobuchwephesha yenza kube lula ukuba bakhangele emincinci - yeyona siqhubekele phambili kuphuhliso yemfuza phambili. Ngoko ke, oko yasekwa;

• DNA kunye RNA isakhiwo;
• iindlela ezwi yabo ukuphindaphindeka;
• protein molecule;
• ilifa ethile kunye nokugcinwa;
• kwasendaweni loonobumba ngamnye zofuzo;
• izakhi kunye kubonakaliswa zabo;
• Kwafuneka ukufikelela kulawulo izixhobo yemfuza esiseleni.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo yaba kuqondwe intsingiselo iDNA kweli xesha amazwe. Oku kwenziwa yi Watson kunye Crick ngo-1953. Ngowe-1941, oko kwabonisa ukuba le miqondiso ukuyifunda iimolekyuli protein. Ukususela 1944 ukuya ku-1970, wenza ukuvulwa ngokusemthethweni isakhiwo zasendle, kwaye phindana DNA kunye RNA swinene.

genetics mihla

Imbali kuphuhliso zemfuza njenge yezenzululwazi langoku isigaba wabonakaliswa ukugxininiswa ndlela alo ahlukeneyo. Ngapha koko, namhlanje kukho:

• engineering genetic ;
• genetics ezinto;
• izixhobo zonyango;
• labantu;
• yelanga kunye nabanye.

Isiqingatha sesibini XX kunye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi, kuba uqeqesho elinikiweyo uthathwa ukuba era lofuzo. Ngapha koko, izazinzulu mihla ziye singenelele ngqo kwinkqubo sohlobo lomzimba, funda ukuyiguqula kancinane kwicala elifanelekileyo, iinkqubo zolawulo ukuthatha indawo apho, ukunciphisa wabonakala lwezidumbu, ukuba ayeke kuphele.

Imbali kuphuhliso fuzo Russia

Kwilizwe lethu, kuthathwa inzululwazi waqalisa lasungulwa olunzulu kude kube kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX. Eyona nto kukuba ixesha elide, kwakukho ixesha kungekho kukhula. Oku ubukumkani kukaStalin kunye Khrushchev. Kungenxa kule xesha zembali kwabakho kuqhekeka kwizangqa zenzululwazi. T. D. Lysenko, njengonegunya, wathi zonke izifundo kummandla yemfuza alungile. Kwaye akukho zesayensi ngawo onke. Abizelwe emkhosini inkxaso Stalin, kuba zonke zemfuza ezaziwayo-kakuhle elo xesha kuthunyelwa ukufa kwabo. Phakathi kwabo:

• Vavilov;
• Serebrovskii;
• ring;
• Abane-nabanye.

Abaninzi kwanyanzeleka ukuba baziqhelanise neemfuno Lysenko ukuthintela ukufa ukuqhubeka nophando. Abanye bafudukela eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe.

Kuphela emva kokuba engenile phantsi Khrushchev fuzo eRashiya inkululeko kuphuhliso kunye nokukhula kakhulu.

zesayensi Russian zofuzo

Eziphawuleka kakhulu ezifunyaniswe ukuba sibe nebhongo emalunga nenzululwazi ekuthethwa, intsimbi, kwaye abo iqaphelwa bakuthi. Imbali kuphuhliso fuzo eRashiya edibene amagama afana:

• UNikolay Ivanovich Vavilov (isifundo sifo yezityalo, umthetho kuthotho homologous, njl);
• UNikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov (chemical mutagenesis);
• NV Timofeev-Resovsky (umseki yemfuza radiation);
• V. V. Saharov (uhlobo izakhi);
• ME Lobashev (umbhali kweencwadana kwi genetics);
• A. S. Serebrovsky;
• K. A. Timiryazev;
• NP Dubinin kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Uluhlu iqhubeka ixesha elide, kuba maxa onke amaxesha ingqondo Russian baba enkulu onke amashishini kunye namasimi zenzululwazi.

Imizila kwinzululwazi: genetics zonyango

Imbali kuphuhliso yemfuza zonyango kwakuvela ngaphambili kakhulu leyona jikelele. phenomenon Ngapha koko, emva XV-XVIII eminyaka singqiniwe yokosulela ilifa kwezifo ezifana:

• polydactyly;
• kubazali bakhe;
• chorea okuqhubekayo;
• sokuwa, kunye nabanye.

nesihlobo indima negative ekugcineni impilo kunye nophuhliso yesiqhelo wenzala wamiswa. Namhlanje, icandelo yemfuza yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu amayeza. Emva koko, ikuvumela ukulawula iimpawu ambambe kwezakhi ezininzi yemfuza kwinqanaba lophuhliso osandul yosana olungekazalwa.

genetics yabantu

Imbali uphuhliso yemfuza zabantu ludalwe kamva General Genetics. Ngapha koko, khangela ngaphakathi izixhobo chromosome yabantu kwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa zobugcisa izixhobo zophando iindlela ezininzi zale mihla.

Umntu usuke waba isihloko Genetics kwindawo yokuqala ngokwemiqathango amayeza. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu ezingundoqo zelifa kunye nokudluliselwa nobuchwephetshe yokunxibelelanisa ukubonisa kubo inzala abantu akukho ezahlukileyo kwezo zezilwanyana. Ngoko ke akukho mfuneko ukusebenzisa into ukufunda kwabantu.