Ukufunyanwa kwe Proton kunye neutron

Emva kwafunyaniswa ukuba kukho into eyakhiwa molekyuli, kunye nabo ke - ukususela atom ukuya yamachiza ndafumana umbuzo entsha. Kwafuneka ukuseka isakhiwo athom - oko luqulathe ntoni. Ngenxa ekusombululeni lo mngeni weza evela uRutherford kunye nabafundi bakhe. Kuvulwa Proton kunye neutron baba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela

E. Rutherford iye intelekelelo yokuba yintoni atom iquka nucleus kunye Bajikeleza ngayo Velocity eziphakamileyo electron. Kodwa yintoni eyenza ngumongo-atom, akucaci ngokupheleleyo. Rutherford ecetywayo hypothesis ukuba eziba atomic nayiphi na element kwemichiza kufuneka ngumongo ye atom hydrogen.

Le hypothesis kamva abangqine uthotho-experimenti ezininzi, nto leyo ekhokelele kokufunyanwa Proton alenzileyo. Umongo sokuhlola imitsi waba Rutherford ukuba initrogen ngethala alpha radiation apho amanye amasuntswana sputtered ukusuka nitrogen isiqalo atomic.

Le nkqubo irekhodwa photosensitive ifilimu. Noko ke, kukhanya ndandibuthathaka kakhulu, yaye indlela yobuntununtunu ifilimu nalo yayincinane, ngoko uRutherford wacebisa ukuba abafundi bakhe phambi kokuba uqale ukuba kwiiyure ezimbalwa ngexesha lokuba abe kwigumbi elimnyama, emehlweni wabona izibane ngokungangqalanga.

Kulo experiment, le imizila ukukhanya iimpawu wayezimisele ukuba amasuntswana, kwaphulwa leyo, nuclei baba hydrogen neoksijini atom. Hypothesis of Rutherford, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni nenyaniso yokuba ukufunyanwa yayenziwe Proton, ufumene isiqinisekiso yayo ezikrelekrele.

Le yamasuntswana Rutherford ecetywayo igama Proton (ukusuka "Protos" na isiGrike lokuqala). Kufuneka iqondwe ukuze hydrogen nucleus atom unalo isakhiwo kangangokuba iye Proton enye kuphela. Ukususela kokufunyanwa Proton alenzileyo.

kagesi, yena positive. Kulo mzekelo, oko nangokobungakanani ilingana intlawulo electron, kodwa umqondiso esahlukileyo. Oko kukuthi, kuvela ukuba Proton kunye electron ngokungathi enye imali eseleyo nganye. Ngoko ke, zonke izinto, ekubeni luqulathe athom ekuqaleni ndibawisele, kunye kagesi afunyanwa xa beqala ukwenza endle yombane. Xa isakhiwo eziba atomic lweziqalelo ezahlukeneyo zekhemikhali kuba inani elikhulu protons kunokuba atomic hydrogen ngumongo.

Emva kokuba ukufunyanwa loo Proton, abaphengululi baqalisa ukuqonda ukuba undoqo element yemichiza ye atom ubunjwe nje kuphela protons, ngokuba sokuqhuba ii- ngokwasemzimbeni kunye eziba athom beryllium bafumanisa ukuba nobunzima protons kwi ngumongo ubunjwe iiyunithi ezine, lo gama yonke ubunzima ngumongo - iiyunithi ezisithoba. Kwaba kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba iiyunithi ezintlanu ngaphezulu ubunzima eliphethwe amanye amasuntswana ezingaziwayo ngaphandle kwentlawulo yombane, kuba kungenjalo imali eseleyo electron-Proton kuza anyhashwe.

James Chadwick umfundi E. Rutherford, kwenziwa amalinge, kwaye babone amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo leyo ngasuka beryllium lama-atom xa sihlaselwa radiation alpha. Kwenzeka ukuba akukho kagesi. Found yaba kukunqongophala kwentlawulo ngenxa yokuba ezi amasuntswana akazange acinge ukuba endle electromagnetic. Ke kwaye kwacaca ukuba wafumanisa element ezishiyiweyo lwesakhiwo yenyukliya.

Oku evulekileyo D. Chadwick yamasuntswana ekuthiwa neutron. Kwenzeka ukuba unalo beyunithi njengoko Proton, kodwa, njengokuba kuthiwe, oko akukho ntlawulo zombane.

Ngaphezu koko, kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngokomfuniselo ukuba inani protons kunye neutron ilingane ukulandelelana inani le isiqalelo kwemichiza kule nkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

Kwindalo iphela ibonakala izinto ezinjalo iinkwenkwezi neutron, ezivame Inqanaba lokugqibela le yendaleko ogcwele nje. iinkwenkwezi neutron olunjalo kufuneka ezixineneyo kakhulu.