Igesi Real: ukutenxa ideality

Igama elithi "iigesi yokwenene" phakathi ekhemisi kunye zesayensi ngokuba zii-greenhouse propati leyo kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi benxibelelana aphakathi. Nakuba nawuphi na ulawulo eyodwa zifundwe ukuba adla kwezi zinto phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kunye norhulumente ngokuthe ithatha umthamo malunga 22,41108 litres. Le ngxelo kuyinyaniso kuphela ekuthiwa iigesi "bumnandi" apho, ngokutsho Clapeyron lenxaki, zazixakekile amandla yomtsalane macala kunye isizathu le molekyuli, kwaye umthamo awayephantsi yokugqibela yi negligibly ezincinane.

Kakade ke, ezi izinto musa khona, ukuze zonke ezi zimvo kunye izibalo ezi bokuqhelaniswa kuphela theoretical component. Kodwa ke iigesi kokwenene, ngandlel 'ithile zokutenxa imithetho efanelekileyo rhoqo kakhulu. Phakathi molecule ezi izinto zisoloko amandla akhoyo yomtsalane efanayo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba umthamo yabo yahluke kancinane umzekelo ogqibeleleyo ibonakala. Ngaphezu koko, bonke iigesi yokwenene kumanqanaba angafaniyo ukutenxa ideality.

Kodwa apha wazilanda utyekelo icace ngokupheleleyo: oluphezulu ivuthe indawo into kufutshane zero ° C, kokukhona umchiza ayehluka imodeli efanelekileyo. Inxaki karhulumente ngeegesi yokwenene eziphethwe yi yamachiza Dutch Johannes Diederik van der imikhosi Waals, ukuba irhoxiswe ngo-1873. Kule formula, leyo ifomu (p + n ² i / V ²⁾ (V - QAPHELA) = EKWI , elawulwa izilungiso ezimbini enkulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-Clapeyron equation (PV = EKWI), sizimisele ngokomfuniselo. Eyokuqala ucingela imikhosi yentsebenziswano lwalusanda, nto leyo ichaphazela kuphela uhlobo kwegesi, kodwa umthamo wayo, mninzi kunye noxinzelelo. Ukulungiswa yesibini umiselwa ubunzima molecule ye iziyobisi.

Ulungelelaniso indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukufumana idata kwi igesi nehigh. Umzekelo, ukuba nitrogen kwi umoya 80 exponent. izibalo ziya kwahluka abathandwayo malunga amahlanu ekhulwini, ngelixa landisa ukuba umahluko umoya amane sele ifikelele ilikhulu ekhulwini. Oku kulandela ukuba imithetho yemodeli igesi efanelekileyo ayalingana. Ukunxaxha kwabo bobabini kunye nemigangatho yazo. esizibonakalisa Eyokuqala ngokwayo yokuba i equation Clapeyron ibamba zonke sukube yokwenene kalukhuni kakhulu. Retreat esemgangathweni nzulu kakhulu.

igesi Real usenokuba aguqulwe engamanzi aqinileyo imo udibaniso, eyayiza kuba nzima kukubambelela lwabo ngqongqo kwi Clapeyron equation. amandla aphakathi esebenza kwizinto ezinjalo kukhokelela ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo chemical. Oku kwakhona ngeke kwinkqubo theoretical component igesi efanelekileyo. Le yonxibelelwano ndlela ukusekwa ekuthiwa kwemichiza okanye Valence. Kwimeko apho i-real igesi insimbi, baqale ukuvela Coulomb imikhosi umtsalane ezibonakalisa indlela yokuziphatha, umz, a plasma, nto leyo iintlobo kumahlelo cala ionic kulo. Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi ngenxa yesibakala sokuba plasma physics namhlanje kuyinto enkulu, olukhula ngokukhawuleza uqeqesho lwezenzululwazi, nto leyo eye isicelo ebanzi kakhulu isayensi, ithiyori lwemiqondiso wave radio, kwaye ingxaki kwezifo enyukliya reactions nokumanyana.

neebhondi Chemical bayo bokwenyani ngemvelo yazo musa ziyahluka ukusuka amandla emolekyuli. Abo kunye nezinye ikakhulu azezi intsebenziswano yombane phakathi izityholo atomic, mithetho leyo, yonke kwakhiwa isakhiwo atom ezinto ukwimo. Noko ke, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo amandla emolekyuli nemichiza kungenzeka kuphela ukuvela kwe ubucukubhede quantum.

Kufuneka sivume ukuba yonke imeko nendaba leyo ehambelana kunye lenxaki le yamachiza Dutch, lingaphunyezwa njani practice. Oku kufuna kwakhona esingayi azinze thermodynamic. Omnye yemiqathango ezibalulekileyo arhente nozinzo kukuba kule nxaki xi isothermal mawulandelwe ngokuthe ngqo notyekelo ukunciphisa umzimba iyonke. Ngamanye amazwi, kunye nokunyusa amaxabiso V zonke isotherms of a gas lokwenene awe ngokuthe chu. Ngelo xesha, kwitshati isothermal Van der Waals imikhosi ngezantsi wokugxeka kwinqanaba lobushushu ngokwezahlulo ukunyuka zikhona. Iingongoma kula kwimimandla bahambelana imeko engazinzanga iziyobisi, nto leyo kunokuzisa alukhange luqokeleleke ndaweninye.