Nendalo. ecosystem isakhiwo, ingqiqo kunye neendidi

Kanye njengokuba abantu abahlala izindlu, ngokunjalo semvelo eyahlukileyo yayo kwezinye kwinkqubo. Bona zisekhusini yaye kunokuthiwa ukuzimela. Zibizwa eziphila kwaye ziquka izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ukuba ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho ethile. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga yintoni na ecosystem: ingqiqo, isakhiwo, injongo. Kananjalo xelela ukuba ziqulathe.

ukuba nombono

Nokuqokelelwa eziphilayo kunye kwindawo ethile kwaye zihlanganise kunye namanye okanye ngenye indlela, igama elithi "eziphilayo". Le nto yaphakanyiswa ngo-1935 yi-Isazinzulu IsiNgesi A. Arthur Tansley. Waye wenza izifundo ze ukuzalana eziphilayo kunye nophuhliso lwabo olulodwa. Hi ndlela leyi, yena ingqalelo omnye wabaseki kwale nzululwazi, eziphilayo, esingethe umbandela ukufunda oko eziphilayo. isakhiwo ecosystem zimelwe amacandelo ezimbini eziphambili: biocoenosis kunye biotope. Phantsi lokuqala libhekisela izinto ngokwabo kwaye ubudlelwane babo, naphantsi yesibini - le yokuhlala. Njengoko umthetho, kwi-ecosystem ababandakanyekayo iseti epheleleyo izidalwa eziphilayo yibhaktheriya kwizilwanyana eziphezulu. Ngokumangalisayo, lonke uluntu lwasekuhlaleni zilingana, oko kukuthi, ezaphukileyo, Nokubuyiselwa kwakhona, yaye ngamnye amalungu ayo yenze nemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu.

biogeocoenosis

Ukuqokelelwa kwe ezinye izakhi ukunxibelelana amandla kwaye banako ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ubukho elizenzekelayo, - i-ecosystem. Isakhiwo ecosystem luthatha ukuba zonke izinto ezinkulu: iintsholongwane, izityalo, izilwanyana, izinto. Ke abathile kuwo kungangabikho. Kule meko, iyavakala na ukwahlula le nto evela biogeocoenose. Eli gama kukwaquka uluntu apho kukho zonke izakhi ngasentla. Ngaphezu koko, isakhiwo ecosystem zasemanzini ingaquka nxaxheba omnye kuphela, umzekelo, iintsholongwane kuphela. Le meko ibonakala kuluntu kwabunjwa, umzekelo, ngokusekelwe izidumbu zezilwanyana. Ngenxa yoko, i-ecosystem kunye biogeocoenosis - akufani, kuba yokugqibela yingcamango ngokubanzi. Ngaphandle koku, bona badla bedidekile.

Ngokuhlelwa esakhiweni

Ngaphandle nje kokuba iingcali ezahlulwe ezinye iikhrayitheriya ecosystem phakathi kwabo, ukuba nomdla kubume lwabo lwangaphakathi. iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye izimvo zidibene ukunika umfanekiso ngokwanelisayo epheleleyo, nto leyo evumela ukuba siqwalasele isiqalelo ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Akumangalisi ke, lo lesakhiwo lisetyenziswa khrayitheriya: amandla kunye nomsebenzi uhlobo iintlobo, indawo ye-nxaxheba. Kakade ke, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ebalulekileyo izinto ngakumbi, kuba isakhiwo lokusingqongileyo ecosystem ngaphandle ukuthetha, umzekelo, ukwakhiwa kwayo, yenza nantsingiselo.

Ngokubhekisele ukwahlukana phakathi koluntu adla isibaluli ukuthuthwa esikhulu. Enye into ebalulekileyo bayancokola yemvelaphi yako kwaye abakwaziyo ukusebenza yesondlo elizimeleyo. Apha kakade esithetha ngokuyintloko malunga nongenelelo kungena uhlobo umba wabantu, utsho yenza ucacelwa ukuchonga ngakumbi, kodwa kamva.

umsebenzi

isakhiwo Ecosystem trophic eyayisahlula eziphilayo inxaxheba uhlobo lokutya kuyo. Ngokutsho umjikelezo lomba kwindalo, nto buyasuswa into engento, kwaye ayikwazi nje shwaka. Ngokucacileyo, ukuba kuphela yi inguqu kwezi okanye enye into. Apha, xa kunokwenzeka amaqela amabini oluchasayo eziphilayo ngena autotrophs kunye heterotrophs. Le yokugqibela - zizilwanyana nomngundo ephelisa into ephilayo. I (izityalo kunye neentsholongwane) yokuqala faka okwahlukileyo ngqo. Hi ndlela leyi, nabo zahlulwe zibe photosynthesis kunye hemosintetikov.

isakhiwo ecosystem esebenzayo uthatha ukwahlulwa efanayo, kodwa ngaphantsi kwezinye amagama. Apha sithetha malunga abavelisi, njengomgquba abathengi kunye destructors. Ezi ndlela zimbini ezinento yokwenza ingqikelelo amatsheyini okutya.

sabaphathi

Kakade ke, nayiphi na inkqubo yale entsonkothileyo yahlulwe kumanqanaba eziliqela. I kunazo olunzulu lokuqala kwaye biocenosis sele sitshilo, leyo zizo zonke izinto eziphilayo ababandakanyekayo. Okulandelayo, isakhiwo oluneqela eziphila ibandakanya hlula ngu ziiphytoplankton, zooplankton, kunye myco microbiocenosis. Ngalinye kula maqela liquka nobuninzi yomntu, ngokuba labemi. Ekugqibeleni, iyunithi lincinane ngamnye (okanye umntu), nto leyo Kwesinye isiganeko esahlukileyo.

Kukho kwakhona ukwehla olusebenzayo. isakhiwo ecosystem Trophic, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, kubandakanya ukwahlulwa kubalimi, kwabathengi, zizibolisi kunye destructors. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amanqanaba eziliqela. Ngoko ke, kuthathela uhlaza ezifumana amanzi kunye neetyuwa emhlabeni, ngokunjalo kwelanga. Ezidla sewulilungu kwinqanaba lokuqala kwabathengi kunye imifuno odlayo kukutya. Nabo, bakhonza ukutya ezidla, emi inyathelo ngasentla. Ngoko ke nanku ke ibonwa lwemigangatho yalo ekhethekileyo.

ziindidi

Nokuba ngaphakathi uhlobo olunye eziphilayo, ezinye iindidi ibonakala, yaye oku akumangalisi. .. Ubume eziphilayo iintlobo - kuba sisalathisi esibalulekileyo umlinganiselo abo okanye ezinye izityalo, izilwanyana, nomngundo, Cya, njl Olu phawu ixhomekeke eziliqela: i indawo okuyo, ummandla kwemozulu, ulawulo lwamanzi, ubudala koluntu. ukwakheka iintlobo efanayo kunokubonwa amawaka eekhilomitha enye kwenye, ukuba izibonisi ezingundoqo kuzo ziyafana. Ukongeza ubukho eziphilayo ezithile kubalulekile kunye neenombolo zabo. Olona hlobo nkqubo ethile zasendle kunye sredoobrazovatelyami ekuthiwa, ngokulandelelana, ukwenza imisebenzi ephambili kwaye adale iimeko ukusinda kwezinye iintlobo.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba amancinci awabalulekanga kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwezinye iimeko, isakhiwo eyodwa ecosystem zasemanzini uyakwazi ukunika iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo kakhulu malunga imeko yakhe. Ubukho leesampulu ezinqabileyo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana mazivumele ukuqonda, ezifana namanzi acocekileyo kunye nomoya.

Rhoqo lwesithuba

Xa uqala kuqala, iyantlukwano zemvelo, ngenxa yokuba indawo yabo, kuyinto boni. Emathafeni, ehlathini, intlango, kumathafa, emazantsi olwandle - iseti izinto eziphilayo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ophilileyo, ziya kwahluka ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa oluhlobo liyimfuneko kuphela xa kuziwa ukuthelekisa iinkqubo ezininzi kwaye umahluko phakathi kwabo.

Kwelinye icala, uluntu nganye iya kuba lwemigangatho ebonakalayo. Ukuma komhlaba lwemvelo ehlathini, umzekelo, kulula zile, yahlulelwe kwii kumanqanaba eziliqela. Iinightingale zakha iindlwane zazo imithi ephezulu, kunye wagtails bakhetha ukuhlala kufutshane emhlabeni. Kwaye kucacile phakathi ukungalingani utyani: imithi, amatyholo, ingca kunye moss ikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Izazinzulu ebekwe ezi mpawu kuthiwa longline okanye imigangatho ngaphantsi.

kwimixokomelwano yeendawo ezisentlabathini

isakhiwo ecosystem, akhiwe kumhlaba, yahluke kakhulu, kodwa phantse lonke umdla kakhulu. Zezi yonke; emahlathini, amathafa, iintlango, iintaba eziphakamileyo, yaye ngamnye ngendlela yayo umdla. Bonke share umhlaba-moya zokuhlala. Ngelo xesha, umahluko kubo nokuba ibe ngaphezu lilonke. Umzekelo, isakhiwo eziphilayo ehlathini ekweleenjiko ziya kuba yinto ngokungafaniyo ukuba kubonwe kumbindi weRashiya. Ngaphezu koko, le ndawo eluhlaza eMzantsi Melika yahlukile nto ibalasele ngamandla kukuba ukusuka umfanekiso kwi South-West Asia. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ummandla imozulu - le yenye engundoqo kodwa kuphela into eziphembelela indlela ecosystem kuphuhliswa. isakhiwo Ecosystem inzima kakhulu kwaye yoyilo, ngoko emnandi kunye twisisaka.

amanzi

Ahlambulukileyo zolwandle eziphilayo, ulele, ezincinane, jellyfish, enzulu iintlanzi zolwandle - iintlobo isakhiwo eziphilayo, ibekwe kolwandle, akukho ngaphantsi kunokuba Umhlaba. Ngokufuthi, kungaba kude nzima ngakumbi. zasemanzini isakhiwo ecosystem ezinye iifitsha Ndifana emhlabeni, umzekelo, apha, kananjalo, kukho omnye emva komnye. Kodwa kukho umahluko ebaluleke kakhulu. It sikuko isibakala sokuba iphiramidi biomass leyo zocaphulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abavelisi ephambili (kukho ezincinane ezahlukeneyo) baninzi kakhulu ngakumbi nande ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu abathengi okanye consuments. Ingakumbi oku kusebenza elwandle nolwandle enkolontyweni, kodwa kuluntu amatsha sinokufumana meko efanayo. Ukucinga kakhulu ukuba isakhiwo ecosystem zasemanzini kuquka njengomnye eziphilayo zincinci, ngokunjalo inkulu. Kwaye bonke bangahlala ngoxolo abamelwane kunye nabanye.

inani

Ukubaluleka eziphila kunzima ukuba zazi. Okokuqala, bonke bephela umjikelo ezinxulumeneyo zenkqunto endalweni. Elements of Kwezinye iindlela awele enye, ukuze nabo lixhomekeke kwelinye. Okwesibini, bavumela ukuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ukugcina eziphilayo - umphakathi eziphilayo e zabo ezizodwa, futhi kukuhle. Ekugqibeleni, zonke izibonelelo zendalo ukuba umntu ofumana engacinganga - amanzi acocekileyo, umhlaba wezolimo, umhlaba otyebileyo, impepho - ulunika oku okanye eziphilayo. Ubume yendalo, kwakunye lonke umhlaba onokuphila, kunokuba ndikwabuthathaka, ngoko musa ukulibala ngendima yayo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka ucinge yokuba umhlaba kubalulekile ukuba balondoloze ubutyebi zalo izizukulwana ezizayo.

umsebenzi Human

Umuntu imisebenzi yayo ngendlela enye okanye omnye kuchaphazela phantse zonke eziphilayo. Kodwa ukuba nempembelelo kwabanye babo ngqo, abanye bangehlelwa ngqo. Kwamahlathi, ungcoliseko lomoya, umhlaba namanzi, neentlanzi kubambisa nezilwanyana - konke oku iba ngumngeni omkhulu ukulondoloza imali eseleyo wendalo.

Ngendlela, abantu bayaqhubeka ukuba bafunde ukuze akwazi ukusebenza oluzinzileyo kwendalo ngokwabo, kodwa kwakhona uzama ukulawula ekhoyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umjikelo ubomi zamntu uluntu akukho mkhulu kakhulu, kwaye uzinzo kuphakamisa imibuzo emininzi. Noko ke, kuya kuba luncedo kakhulu ukufunda ukulawula indlela ecosystem, kuba ngale ndlela kube yinto enokwenzeka ukufezekisa imveliso enkulu zolimo, kwakunye ukuzama yakhiwe. Ngelishwa, impembelelo yabantu kokusingqongileyo ziphononongwa kakubi, kuba izenzo zakhe kubangela iziphumo ubunzima, ngokukodwa:

• ilahleko yezinto eziphilayo;
• utshintsho lwemozulu ngenxa ngokutshintsha ubume igesi yeegesi;
• ukuncitshiswa yamahlathi;
• ukutshintshwa nokonakaliswa uluntu ezizodwa kunye nokusingqongileyo;
• kwamanani lwezixhobo zokusebenza zendalo;
• ukwanda kunye ukhukuliseko lomhlaba ;
• ukuqokelelela inkunkuma yasekhaya kunye nongcoliseko;
• ukutshintsha izakhiwo eziphila;
• olindelwe ye-ozone.

Iyafuna uyacinga sengqondo kwabathengi bobuntu kwaye umhlaba ukucinga ukuba ukulondoloza lwendalo ukwahluka kwalo yinzwakazi. Emva nokusula akukho nzima kakhulu, kodwa ukuba ungenza?