Dzhon wayeseDalton - IsiNgesi Scientist-nqwelo lwekhulu XVIII

Chaza omnye kuphela okukhethekile lwezenzululwazi, apho ekunokuthiwa Dzhon wayeseDalton, kunzima. Enye kubaphandi abaninzi ehloniphekileyo nezibekekileyo ngexesha lakhe, waba physics, ekhemesti, nesangoma. Edume ngokuba abazinikele ulwimi IsiNgesi imisebenzi yakhe. Yena kuqala wafunda sizuze umbono umbala, apho kwakufuneka zona kamva wabizwa ngegama layo - colorblind.

Mfundisi-wafundisa

Universalism ngayo izimvo zakhe zenzululwazi kunye imidla eyahluka uphando samiliselwa ngokungaphelelanga kunokucaciswa yokuswela kwakhe imfundo esesikweni entsimini ethile. Dzhon wayeseDalton wazalwa ngoSeptemba 6, 1766 kwidolophu Iglsfilde, County Kimberlend kumantla eNgilani, kwintsapho ihlwempu womluki. Abazali bakhe baba LamaQuaker, kwanabo, kundikhanyela yonke into enxulumene iCawa esemthethweni England, ngoko undwendwelo ku amaziko emfundo ukuba uYohane akwenzeki.

Imfuneko umvuzo esemncinane, ukukwazi omkhulu nomnqweno bafumane ulwazi kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezingalindelekanga. Ngenxa ukwazana noYohane Gouhom, eyimfama isithandi-umphengululi, wamnikela kuye inxalenye ulwazi lwabo kunye nemfundo-self nzima, Dzhon wayeseDalton kunye engama-12 waqalisa ukusebenza njengomfundisi esikolweni yasemaphandleni.

wayeseDalton Meteorology

WayeseDalton yaba upapasho lokuqala umsebenzi, nto leyo ebizwa "Imigqaliselo Meteorological kunye namava" (1793) waye. Ngenxa yakhe, wadibana kunye neengcaphephe banceda utitshala oselula ukuya Manchester ufumane indawo abafundisa imathematika kwi College Entsha. Nomdla meteorology kweza kuye umntu amaziyo kunye uElihu Robinson, singatsho ukuba izazinzulu neenjineli ukusuka kwidolophu yakhe Iglsfilda. Dzhon wayeseDalton emsebenzini wakhe, equlethe uninzi lweengcamango ezabangela ukuba yokuvulwa elizayo imithetho igesi, liphuhlise ingcamango ukuyilwa kwemali esesibhakabhakeni, ecetywayo yi George Headley.

Ngowe-1787, i-nzulu yaqala ukugcina idayari kokuma yemozulu. Dzhon wayeseDalton, ogama engobomi umdla enemfundiso, ungeno wokugqibela kwidayari sele buthathaka isandla emva kweminyaka 57. Ezi ngxelo ziziphumo isifundo zesakhiwo esesibhakabhakeni - lunempumelelo enkulu ka wayeseDalton in chemistry yemvelo. Omnye wokuqala waqala ukuba balinganise iqondo lobushushu zezulu kwi eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo, sihamba rhoqo ezintabeni kwiSithili Ichibi kumntla-ntshona weli lizwe.

colorblindness

Umsebenzi wesibini ezinkulu sisazinzulu wabunikela philology - "Iimpawu IsiNgesi Igrama" (epapashwe ngo-1801), kodwa ke ingqalelo yakhe Ndatsalwa umbono yayo iimpawu ezinxulumene lokubona. Emva kokuphila iminyaka eli-35, wafumanisa ukuba uyasibona umbala eyahlukileyo kunokuba abantu abaninzi, yaye ukuba lo msebenzi efanayo umzalwana wakhe. Ngokukhawuleza waqonda ukuba akukho kuphela ukuhlelwa imibala (umbala, koko wathi emsi, yahlukile koko abanye babecinga ukuba), wayeseDalton wavakalisa iingcinga zakhe ngezinto ezibangela le meko.

Kwisigqibo sokuba ubume ilifa le ukusilela ilungile, kodwa ke ingcaciso ulwelo lakhe iliso aphuphe lwaye lwabonisa. ephandwe ngokucokiseke kunye nentsusa yokusondela le ngxaki, nto leyo zaye zaphuhliswa ukuze izazinzulu kwinqaku elithi "iimeko ngokuNgaqhelekanga of umbala" (1794), zaba sisikhubekiso yokuqaqadeka kwekota, ethe yafakelwa asetyenziswa ophthalmologists.

theory igesi

Ukubanako ukwenza izigqibo evela imigqaliselo kunye amalinge ezikhokelela kwiindawo ezinxulumene isayensi - isiseko indlela enobuchule, nto leyo inkosi Dzhon wayeseDalton. Discoveries e neyezinto zemvelo, wenza, badla zisekelwe imifuniselo efanayo. Ukususela isifundo umoya, nemilambo, uyila imozulu, wathi watshintshela ekufundweni Uthethathethwano iigesi ngokusekelwe kwiipropati zabo ngokwasemzimbeni kwemichiza - mninzi, uxinzelelo, njl Iziphumo lo msebenzi wamvumela ukuba enze ezifunyaniswe kwi corpuscular - .. Atomic - uhlobo lwento.

Amalinge kunye yeegesi yakhokelela ukufunyanwa kwemithetho angundoqo ezininzi wayeseDalton: on the buso (lokuba amacandelo ngamnye) noxinzelelo ngomxube gas (1801), umthetho lokwanda thermal yerhasi (1802) kunye neepateni zokuchithwa yeegesi ulwelo (1803). Isigqibo sokuba ubuninzi umahluko athom ziquka yeegesi, ubukho thermal Imvulophu okoloatomnoy wayeseDalton ukuba achaze uhlobo ukwanda kwentlanganisela yeegesi xa eshushu, kwe- labo kunye noxinzelelo kuxhomekeka kwiimeko yangaphandle.

theory atomic wayeseDalton kaThixo

Ingcamango yokuba yonke kwindalo inezigaba amancinane ayahlukahlukenanga, yayisele ahleliweyo ngababhali bamandulo. Kodwa wayeseDalton wabanika ezi zimvo physicality. Amalungiselelo eziphambili ingcamango yakhe iingxelo ezininzi:

• Zonke izinto eziphathekayo luqulathe incinane - ayahlukahlukenanga, wadala kanye amasuntswana - atom.
• Atom osisiqu enye ubunzima kunye nobukhulu.
• Atom izinto ezahlukeneyo ziyahluka kubukhulu nobunzima.
• izinto Okuninzi isuntswana entsonkothileyo kubandakanya eziliqela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo athom.
• Ubunzima amasuntswana oyintlanganisela into elingana udibaniso kwiinginginya atom abakhoyo.

imodeli ngenyameko abalondolozwa imolekyuli, wayeseDalton wenza amaso ngamaplanga. Ngokwemfanelo engundoqo sisazinzulu - simthanda ngendlela ingqikelelo isalamane atomic ubunzima yenzululwazi nokuzimisela kwiathom hydrogen njenge neeyunithi ubunzima eziphilayo. mass Atomic waba izinto ezisisiseko ngendlela chemistry zamanani isici. Ayizizo zonke iimbono wayeseDalton lobume atom of ndaba echanekileyo ngenxa yokungabikho kuphuhliso physics jikelele, kodwa imfundiso yakhe wakhonza enamandla yokukhawulezisa kulwazi atom.

ukuqaphela

Bambalwa abantu bakwazi ukufikelela kuzo ezincotsheni inzululwazi, ukuba isiqalo nzima enjalo, njengoko Dzhon wayeseDalton. biography emfutshane sisazinzulu - umzekelo ocacileyo wendlela ukuzimisela banxanelwe nokwazi ukutshintsha ubomi bomntu. It ikuvumela ukuba ukulandela indlela yokuba ubuntu womelele kwaye ubone indlela inguqu ngomfana kungekho amathuba okufumana inkqubo ngokunzulu yemfundo, iinkolelo lwabazali ngubani wavala indlela eya eyunivesithi, xa sesayensi eyaziwa kumazwe ngamazwe, ilungu zezifundiswa ezidumileyo yenzululwazi Europe.

Zimbalwa imizekelo imbali ungumgcini enjalo, phantse ukuzinikela emishini kwinzululwazi, nto leyo eyakhokelela Dzhon wayeseDalton. portraits Photo ayiqabe zezenzululwazi kwixesha lokugqibela lobomi, bonisa umntu wanika wonke amandla umsebenzi lwemethodoloji kunye nzima.

umvuzo wayeseDalton yaba ukuqatshelwa abalingane kunye nabafundi. Le oqingqiweyo sisazinzulu sele ifakiwe emnyango ukuya Royal College of Manchester, apho wafundisa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Kwixa elizayo, lo ukuqondwa ikhule ibe udumo jikelele ngokwenene.