Unyaka 1682: ukupheliswa localism. Kubanga, Imiphumela

Zemsky Sobor phezu Ukuphuculwa imikhosi exhobileyo zobukumkani eMoscow phantsi Tsar Fedor Alekseevich kulo nyaka 1682. Ukurhoxiswa regionalism wafika kulo nyaka, nto leyo linyathelo enkulu ngakwicala nokulawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi kunye nokuphuculwa mkhosi kuphela Russian, kodwa inkqubo yolawulo lonke luphela. Lo mlinganiselo yaba sisandulela edume iinguqu kaPetros, kakuhle apho lokuphelisa umgaqo ungunyana wabanumzana ekumisweni kwabasebenzi kwanokuqaqambisa nokugqwesa yena ubuqu.

ababusi

Ukuhlaziywa ubalulekileyo ngenkulungwane ye-17 yaba ukupheliswa localism. Ngako oko ukumkani na le nguqu yenzekile - enye izihloko ezininzi umdla mbali zasekhaya. Le umthetho ehambelana eyaye yamkelwa Theodore A., ukubusa yabalasela ngothotho iinguqu ezijolise ekolulweni amandla yedwa. Ukuba iinzame ukutshintsha inkqubo yolawulo yolawulo kunye neecawa, kodwa lo mlinganiselo uye ekuye akwaphumelela oko ngenxa ukufa kwakhe.

Iimpawu kombono

Sibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali Russian sele unyaka 1682. Ukurhoxiswa localism yaba mhlawumbi siganeko yakhe ebalulekileyo, kuba kwakhokelela inguqu olukhulu inxalenye enkulu yoluntu. Kodwa ke, phambi kokuba sithethe ngayo umongo kunye ukubaluleka kwale guqula, kuyimfuneko ukuchonga iimpawu eziphambili ixesha lemibuzo.

Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 yaba xesha utshintsho kubomi kwilizwe lethu, kuba ngelo xesha ukuba urhulumente uyayazi ngokucacileyo ngemfuneko nenguquko kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, lo umyalelo omdala lowo wayesenamandla kunene, kubandakanywa inkqubo localism. Ngoko wabiza ngummiselo endala zezikhundla endaweni azikho ngokuhambelana omkhulu lobuqu, yaye iqondo gentility kunye umahluko yomntu. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni iimbambano ezingapheliyo phakathi izinduna, owathi emhlabeni ephakamileyo, ukukhumbula imvelaphi yawo yamandulo nolungileyo.

Ukubunjwa yezikhulu

Isimo esinjalo nzima umsebenzi izixhobo karhulumente nemikhosi yamajoni. Eli regionalism akuxhomekekanga ebilisiweyo phantsi ubuchule bomntu kunye nokuzimisela nobungakanani ungunyana wabanumzana yaso gentility.

Kufuneka ithi amagama ambalwa malunga nokuqulunqwa yezikhulu eMoscow: wawuquka abameli begazi endala kwikomkhulu, kwafuneka iinkosana Lithuanian kunye Tatar nezihandiba eziqhotyoshelwe fiefdoms eMoscow. Bonke bephela, njengoko umthetho, kubandakanywa ukumkani Duma, ukuzibandakanya kulawulo lwaseburhulumenteni kunye nomkhosi. Noko ke, le mpikiswano engapheli nguwuphi kubo aphakame, aphazamise umsebenzi zonke okhula izixhobo karhulumente ngempumelelo Ilawula kwakufuneka inkqubo dyondzisaka.

Amaxesha amaninzi ebudeni amaphulo yamajoni izinduna kunye neerhuluneli babexakeke kungekuphela nje ukuziphatha impi, njengoko wokuqonda nguwuphi na kubo umele ukuba ngcono, yaye ngubani aliliso kubo ukuba, Kakade ke, maxa wambi kukhokelela imiphumo ebuhlungu.

Amandla enkqubo

Zemsky Sobor kwi ukupheliswa parochialism, Enyanisweni, sonke isakhiwo njengesiqhelo lolawulo kweli lizwe lethu. Ngapha koko, kulo mgaqo, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane eziliqela kokuba inkqubo yolawulo esekelwe. Ngoko ke, ngokwemvelo, umbuzo umbuzo malunga izizathu uzinzo kwinkqubo. Ngaphezu koko, uyakwazi ukucinga yezizathu eziliqela. Okokuqala, nabathetheli eMoscow nookumkani ngokwabo shoka oko, ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiPhulo ingxoxo izinduna nokuchonga nabo inkonzo imvelaphi kunye neqondo nomini. Okwesibini, ukukhula ngcembe le-Elite eMoscow ngeendleko ngabafo kwezinye izilawuli kufuna ucwangco ukwabiwa kwezithuba kunye regionalism kunye nesakhiwo sayo ezinzileyo ifanele oku. Okwesithathu, lo umyalelo ezikhutshwe iincwadi obhobhozayo zomthetho rodoslovtsah ukuba izizukulwana wakhonza njengesiseko iimbambano kunye namabango.

Uqikelelo kwi historiography

Isigwebo ukupheliswa localism yaba isiphumo sendalo imfuneko ekupheliseni ubuqhitala bokoyiswa kunye nokudideka ezisekelwe kule nkqubo, izixhobo karhulumente. Noko ke, umbhali-mbali yanamhlanje D. Volodikhin uthi ezinye iimpawu ezintle nkqubo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba thina ngeyona Ukuvumelana kunye namandla kwinkqubo yonke. Ngokutsho umphandi, lo mgaqo egcinelwe ixesha ekubeni umanyano eklasini, phezu kwazo nje iingxaki kunye baphikisana erenkini ahlala. Noko ke, abaninzi abaphengululi kusekho idibane kwinto yokuba ulawulo zoludwe nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwinkqubo yolawulo.

komhlaba IMVELAPHI

Ngokusekelwe kwi apha ngentla, ezi zizathu zilandelayo ukupheliswa localism: imfuneko ukwenza isakhiwo solawulo ngempumelelo ngakumbi kwaye ezihambayo, umnqweno urhulumente tsarist ukuba ukutsala le nkonzo isiphiwo ngokwenene yaye unako ukukhonza abantu. Le ngokutsha kufuneka lubonwe iingxwaba-nkqubo yangaphambili Kubaphathi Moscow, neziqapheleka uMikhail Fedorovich, ukudala ebizwa ngokuba yi-oda entsha regiments. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 kuyimfuneko ukoyisa le nkqubo indala abasebenzi aba.

Cathedral

Intlanganiso entsha abefundisi bahlanganisana ngonyaka 1682. Ukurhoxiswa regionalism iye yaba esinye seziphumo ezingundoqo izigqibo zakhe zolawulo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba Cathedral Yayikukuzinikela imizuzwana ezinkulu zenkolo kwaye phambili yokuvuselelwa ibandla. Kule ntlanganiso, imiba engundoqo ezingenisiweyo ukuba ziqwalaselwe uchaphazelekayo ukwakhiwa dioceses ezintsha, yoonongendi, amabala iincwadi ingenalo novelwano. Nakuba kunjalo, imfuno ukupheliswa imifuziselo eziphelelwe endaweni ye amagosa omkhosi kunye norhulumente ukuvuthwa kakhulu kangangokuba bagqiba ekubeni babulale kwaye isuntswana le ncwadi. Sinokuthi inkqubo inkonzo endala eyamkelwe isigqibo ukurhoxiswa yaba linyathelo eliya phambili kulawulo yamajoni kunye noluntu.

inani

Enye kubuyiselo ibalulekileyo kwimbali weRashiya yabanjwa nyaka 1682. Ukurhoxiswa regionalism yabalaselisa promotion ngenxa aphezulu lobuqu. Ngoko ke, uPetros ndzi nga kuqwalaselwa ngukhokho kuphuculo: umlawuli yokuqala ukomelezwa asesikweni ngokusemthethweni oko ngaphambili.