Ukulawula of Finland ku Russia: emfutshane

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, isiganeko kwenzeka ezichaphazela ziyahlelwa abantu abahlala kwintsimi ezimelene nonxweme loLwandle lweBaltic kwaye kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi yaba phantsi kolawulo ngookumkani Swedish. Esi senzo zembali ukulawula of Finland eRashiya, ogama imbali yakha isiseko kweli nqaku.

Uxwebhu waba ngenxa yemfazwe Russian-Swedish

September 17, 1809 ngomhla kunxweme Gulf of Finland e loMlawuli Fredrikshamn Alexander I kwaye i-Swedish uKumkani uGustav IV asayina isivumelwano, nto leyo ekhokelele ukulawula of Finland eRashiya. Olu xwebhu yaba sisiphumo uloyiso amajoni Russian, exhaswa France kunye Denmark kule yokugqibela kuthotho elide iimfazwe Russian-Swedish.

Ukulawula of Finland eRashiya phantsi Alexander 1 impendulo nesibheno Borgorskogo Sejm - intlanganiso yokuqala kwezizwe ngokuphathelele awayengabemi eFinland, urhulumente Russian kunye nesicelo ukwamkela ilizwe labo eRashiya kwi namaLungelo Grand Duchy of Finland, kunye nesiphelo wombutho lobuqu.

Abaninzi mbali bakholelwa ukuba yokusabela elihle uMlawuli Alexander I kule yesizwe iya ukunika amandla okuqhubela ukuyilwa karhulumente Finnish lwesizwe, ilawulwa ngokupheleleyo elite Swedish laso phambi oku. Ngenxa yoko, asikokuzibaxa izinto ukuthi iRussia Finland endiyityala indalo sokumiswa yayo.

Finland njengenxalenye zobukumkani Sweden

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba phambi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX ummandla Finland, apho kwakuhlala izizwe udibaniso Em, zange geqe. Phakathi X kunye phambi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV ngeyabo Novgorod, kodwa ngo 1323 yoyiswa eSweden kangangeenkulungwane, beza phantsi kolawulo lwayo.

Ngokutsho mbanjwa nyaka Orekhovskaya sivumelwano, Finland yaba yinxalenye zobukumkani eSweden ukuya amalungelo ukuzimela, yaye ngowe-1581 wafumana iwonga ngokusesikweni Grand Duchy of Finland. Noko ke, eneneni, abemi bayo ngokusemthethweni kwaye imisebenzi yezolawulo abajongene nokucalucalulwa kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba eFinland banelungelo amagunya abameli babo kwipalamente Swedish, inani labo yayingabalulekanga kangangokuba awukuvumeli nayiphi impembelelo ebalulekileyo ngesisombululo ngemiba yangoku. Ezi meko zinje waze de 1700 akukho waphula omnye imfazwe Russian-Swedish.

Ukulawula of Finland eRashiya: ekuqaleni inkqubo

Ngexesha Enkulu Northern War, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo senzeka kanye kwintsimi eFinland. Ngowe-1710, imikhosi uPetros I emva zokungqinga ngempumelelo wasithimba isixeko kakuhle ezinqatyisiweyo Vyborg balinqabisa ngendlela kuLwandle lweBaltic ezinjalo. Emva uloyiso ezaxhobela Russian iphumelele kwiminyaka emine kamva Idabi Napuze ukuba ukukhutshwa balwa phantse zonke Grand Duchy of Finland.

It abanakukwazi kuthathwa njenge ukulawula ngokupheleleyo Finland eRashiya, njengoba ingxenye enkulu kwaba sekunjalo inxalenye Sweden, kodwa sele ziyiqalile inkqubo. Oku nako nokuba ayeke nokuzama ukuziphindezelela ngenxa bahlulwa yi esithathwe yi-balwa ngo-1741 no 1788, kodwa zombini amaxesha akukho impumelelo.

Kunjalo, le meko Nishtadt isivumelwano yaphela imfazwe, kwaye ibanjwa North ngo-1721, safudukela kwintsimi Russian of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, kwaye inani kwiziqithi kuLwandle lweBaltic. Ukongeza, i-emphaya waba yaseMzantsi Karelia kunye nesixeko yesibini ngobukhulu Finland - Vyborg.

Waba iziko yolawulo esekwe kungekudala Vyborg kwiphondo, iqukwe kwiphondo St. Petersburg. Ngokutsho kuxwebhu, iRashiya kucingelwa izibophelelo bonke ligqithiselwe imimandla zakhe Finnish ukugcina, amalungelo akhoyo ngaphambili lwabemi amalungelo amaqela athile. Ilungiselelwe ukuze kulondolozwe zonke iziseko zonqulo zangaphambili, kuquka inkululeko baziqhelanise abantu ukholo wevangeli, imfundo zonqulo yokomoya ezikolweni.

Isigaba esilandelayo ukwandiswa umda wasentla

Ebudeni bolawulo uKumkanikazi Elizabeth ngo-1741 waqhekeza imfazwe omtsha Russian-Swedish. Kwakhona waba ngomnye amanqanaba inkqubo, ngenxa apho phantse ezisixhenxe eminyaka kamva, yaba ukulawula of Finland eRashiya.

Lushwankathelwe iziphumo yayo kushwankathelwa iingongoma ezimbini eziphambili - ukuba zifake kwintsimi ebalulekileyo ye-Grand Duchy of Finland yaba phantsi kolawulo Swedish, leyo ukuba amajoni Russian ukuya phezulu ku Oulu, waza walandela Manifesto liphezulu. Kuyo March 18, 1742 uKumkanikazi Elizabeth Petrovna, wazisa ukuqaliswa lonke Sweden waphumelela ukusuka kummandla urhulumente ozimeleyo.

Ukongeza, nonyaka kamva kwiziko enkulu zolawulo Finland - kwisixeko saseTurku - urhulumente Russian utyikitye isivumelwano kunye nabameli kwicala Swedish kwesivumelwano, ngokoko athe, inxalenye yaseRashiya yaba yonke South-Eastern Finland. Yaba indawo enkulu kakhulu komhlaba, kuquka imizi Lappeenranta, Hamina, Nyslott ngamandla ayo anamandla kunye Kyumenegorskuyu kunye USavo kwiphondo. Ngenxa yoko, umda Russian basuka kude St. Petersburg, oko ke kusehlisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa Swedish phezu kweengqukuva Russian.

Ngowe-1744, wonke loo mmandla zifakiwe kwi-Russian uBukhosi ngokusekelwe isivumelwano esatyikitywa kwisixeko saseTurku, zinxibelelene kwiphondo Vyborg wadala ngaphambili, yaye wenza kwiphondo Vyborg elalisandul 'ukusekwa kunye. On nommandla wayo zasekwa counties: Serdobol'skii, Vilmanstrandsky, Hamina, Neyshlotsky, Kexholm kunye Vyborg. Ngenxa yoko, iphondo waze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, yaye emva koko similise okwaloo lwerhuluneli kunye ngendlela ethile karhulumente.

Ukulawula of Finland eRashiya: Union, zinokubanceda mazwe

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX ummandla Finland yaba yinxalenye Sweden, yaba mmandla ezisezingeni yezolimo. bakhona ngelo xesha akazange ngaphezulu amawaka 800. Abantu, apho 5.5% kuphela babehlala kwiindawo ezisezidolophini. Kwi nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke, lilizwe umqeshi, walala ingcinezelo kabini ukusuka zombini iinkosi yaseSweden ezibuswa, kwakunye yabo. Oku ikakhulu sisidodo uphuhliso inkcubeko yesizwe kunye nesazisi.

Kunye e Finland eRashiya Ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuluncedo mazwe. Alexander I ndakwazi, ngoko, kude emdeni yokutyhiliza ikomkhulu lalo - St. Petersburg, nto leyo kakhulu negalelo ekomelezeni ngokukhuseleka nokusebenza kwalo.

EFinland ngokuba phantsi kolawulo Russia, wazuza kakhulu eninzi inkululeko kummandla igunya lowiso-mthetho nelolawulo oluphezulu. Noko ke, esi siganeko kwakhokelwa omnye, 11th emgceni, nabokugqibela kwimbali imfazwe Russian-Swedish, nto leyo kwaqhambuka 1808 phakathi kwamazwe amabini.

Imfazwe yokugqibela phakathi Russia ne Sweden

Njengoko sisazi evela amaxwebhu agciniweyo, imfazwe ubukumkani Sweden wayengekho icebo Alexander I yaye kuye isenzo unyanzelekile, iziphumo apho ukulawula of Finland eRashiya. Inyaniso yokuba, ngokutsho Tilsit uxolo isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngowe 1807 phakathi Russian kunye Napoleonic France, umlawuli wathabatha uxanduva ukweyisela Sweden kunye eDenmark ukuya kwafa lizwekazi wabuza ngokuchasene utshaba eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha - eNgilani.

Ukuba Danes kungekho ngxaki, likhankanya ukuba yaseSweden Korol Gustav IV bazitshitshisela isindululo phambili nguye. Ekubeni ndidiniwe ngalo lonke amathuba ukuze kufikelelwe isiphumo ezinqwenelekayo ngenxa amazwe, Alexander I ndanyanzeleka ukuba ukubhenela kwingcinezelo emkhosini.

Ekuqaleni imisebenzi zomkhosi kuye kwacaca ukuba, ukuze Hubris yayo yonke mlawuli Swedish ayikho kwisimo ukubeka phezulu nxamnye amajoni Russian kakhulu umkhosi enamandla ukuba akwazi ukugcina ummandla Finland, elijikajikayo inyathelo ezinkulu emkhosini. Ngenxa yoko lohlaselo, i ngokupheleleyo ezintathu, ngaphantsi Russian ngaphezu kwenyanga ekhohlo ukuya Kaliksyoki emlanjeni yaye kwanyanzeleka Gustav IV ziqalise iingxoxo uxolo phezu ngokwemigqaliselo emiselwa Russia.

Isihloko entsha loMlawuli

Ngenxa yoko, Fridrihgamskogo uxolo isivumelwano - phantsi eli gama wangena imbali isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngoSeptemba 1809, Alexander I waziwa ngokuba Grand iNkosana Finland. Ngokutsho xwebhu, lo mlawuli Russian wathabatha ukuzibophelela igalelo ngokupheleleyo ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho owamkelwe Finnish Sejm waza wafumana imvume yakhe.

Le umba isivumelwano kubaluleke kakhulu kuba wanika ulawulo Usiba phezu imisebenzi ye-Seimas, kwaye kwenza kube ncakasana intloko yowiso-mthetho. Emva kokuba wenziwe ngokujoyina Russia Finland (kunyaka 1808), kuphela ngemvume ka St. Petersburg wavumela ukuba abize Ukutya, kwaye utshintsho kwimithetho ekhoyo ngelo xesha.

Ukusuka lobukhosi siseko absolutism

Ukulawula of Finland eRashiya, umhla ogama ingqamana imini isaziso Manifesto kakumkani ngoMatshi 20, 1808, kunye nenombolo yeemeko ezithile kakhulu. Njengoko ukuba iRussia, ngokutsho isivumelwano, sanyanzeleka ukuba anike eFinland kakhulu oko afuna ilize ukusuka Government of Sweden (ilungelo self-determination, kwakunye nenkululeko zopolitiko nezentlalo) ngale ndlela naziphi na iingxaki ezibalulekileyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ekuqaleni i-Grand Duchy of Finland eyayiyinxalenye Sweden, okt kurhulumente, apho waba lomThethosisekelo, iziqalelo yokwahlukana kwamagunya kumelo epalamente yaye, okubaluleke ukungabikho serfdom abantu basemaphandleni. Ngoku, ke, ukulawula of Finland eRashiya wenza inxalenye yayo lizwe, leyo yayisonganyelwa i neNgonyama ngokupheleleyo, apho ilizwi "umgaqo-siseko" Bamqumbisa ubushushu phakathi elite endala oluntu, kwaye bonke inguqu nenkqubela badibana kunye nokumelana kunqandwa.

Ukudalwa Commission on kwimicimbi Finland

It is a irhafu Alexander I, wakwazi ukuba ukujonga at lo mba, kwaye kwintloko lo myalelo, elasekwa nguye ngenxa izisombululo ezikhoyo iingxaki kubeka uTimoti zobunene - Bala M. M. Speranskogo, edume imigudu yayo utshintsho.

Emva ukufunda eneenkcukacha zonke iinkalo Finnish Industries, Earl kucetyiswa geqe njengoko kwinkqubo yayo karhulumente umgaqo lokuzimela kwaye ulondolozo onke amasiko endawo. Kwakhona waba imiyalelo yenzelwe umsebenzi weKomishoni, izibonelelo eziphambili apho idale isiseko-siseko kwixesha elizayo Finland.

Kunye nale Russian Finland (kunyaka 1808) kunye isixhobo phambili yobomi yayo yangaphakathi kwezopolitiko becala kwabangelwa izigqibo ezithathwe Borgorskim Sejm, kunye inxaxheba abameli bawo onke iyaxela kwintlalo yoluntu. Emva ukubhala kunye nokusayinwa amalungu Ukudla of njengoxwebhu wabafungisa ukuwugqalela uMgaqo-Russian uMlawuli neLizwe, kolawulo ezo bazibandakanya ngokuzithandela.

Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba, anyukele etroneni, bonke abameli zilandelayo zeNdlu Romanov nkqubo nayo yapapashwa ngonyaka, makangqinisise ukulawula of Finland eRashiya. Iifoto yokuqala kubo, endingowakhe Alexander I, wabeka inqaku lethu.

Emva ukujoyina eRussia ngo-1808, intsimi Finland liye landiswa noko ngenxa ukudluliselwa phantsi kolawulo yayo Viborg (owayekade Finland) kwiphondo. Iilwimi ezisemthethweni ngelo xesha kwakukho eSweden, saka ngenxa iimpawu zembali kuphuhliso lizwe, yaye Finnish, oluthethwa ngabo bonke abemi bayo zomthonyama.

Bexhobe ungquzulwano Soviet-Finnish

Impembelelo ukulawula of Finland eRashiya ziye unetarhu kakhulu kuphuhliso kwaye babe sisizwe esizimeleyo. Ngenxa oku ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka phakathi kwamazwe amabini akazange kuvela naziphi na ukuphikisana okuphawulekayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenxa ixesha lonke kobunganga Russian eFinland, ngokungafaniyo izibonda, soze wavukela, yaye akazange azame ukufumana phandle phantsi kolawulo kummelwane wayo namandla ngakumbi.

Lo mfanekiso itshintshe kakhulu ngo-1917, emva kokuba iiBolsheviks, wakhokela V. I. Leninym, ngokuxhomekeka geqe Finland. Xa uphendula lo senzo omhle abangenambulelo abamnyama usebenzisa isikhundla enzima eRashiya, i eFinland ngowe-1918 waza waqalisa imfazwe ngokuthi elifumileyo osentshona Karelia ukuya Sisters emlanjeni, bafudukela kummandla Pechenga, ukuthatha inxaxheba kweli lizwe kunye noMbindi Rybachy.

Loo isiqalo ngempumelelo urhulumente Finnish wamtyhala ngenxa iphulo elitsha emkhosini, yaye ngowe-1921 ehlasela ummandla Russian, ekhulisayo izicwangciso ukudala "Greater Finland". Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, iinzuzo zabo uNothozamile ekude. Longquzulwano lokugqibela lwezigalo phakathi abamelwane ezimbini yomntla - eSoviet Union kunye Finland - yaba imfazwe, leyo imfazwe ebusika ka-1939-1940.

Kwaba naye eFinland uloyiso. Ngenxa yoko impi, eyathatha ekupheleni Novemba ukuya kutsho ngoMatshi, kwaye isivumelwano soxolo, ezaba inkalo lokugqibela impixano, Finland balahlekelwa phantse-12% of nommandla wayo, kuquka isixeko yesibini Vyborg. Ukongeza, amakhaya kunye nempahla yabo elahlekileyo ngaphezu kwe-450 lamawaka. EFinland banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye kamsinya ukusuka kumgca phambi kwelo lizwe.

isiphelo

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba icala eSoviet lonke uxanduva kuqhambuka ungquzulwano kwamagxa eFinland, becaphula kutyholwa ukuba yakuyithabatha neziqhushumbisi, uthethe iintlondi uluntu ngezizwe urhulumente Stalin ngayo imfazwe. Ngenxa yoko, ngoDisemba 1939 eSoviet Union njengoko kumiselwe iLizwe umhlaseli ndagxothwa uManyano Lwezizwe. Le imfazwe iye yabangela abaninzi azilibale zonke izinto ezilungileyo xa kuziswa nayo awabekwa of Finland eRashiya.

Day of Russia, ngelishwa, nto waphawula eFinland. esikhundleni Finnish yonyaka Disemba 6 yokubhiyozela uSuku Independence, bekhumbula ngo-1917 urhulumente yamaBolshevik ubanike indlela ithuba lokuba bahlukane kude eRashiya uqhubeke nobomi indlela yayo zembali.

Kunjalo, ngenkankulu kukubaxwa ukuthi kwisigxina sabo ngoku phakathi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, Finland ufumbethe oko, leyo ngamaxesha angaphambili ukuba iRussia on lasungulwa kunye nokufunyanwa karhulumente yabo.