Umjikelo wobomi izityalo: inkcazelo, amanyathelo, amaqhinga kunye neempawu

Umjikelo wobomi zesityalo iqulathe izigaba ezithathu ezilandelelanayo:

• nucleation;
• uphuhliso;
• ukuzala.

Kunokuba lula okanye ezintsonkothileyo. Umphumo chlorella, leyo Akwandise spores umjikelo engumzekelo ezilula. Ukuphuhlisa lo ulwelwe eluhlaza uba isitya autospores 4-8 ezikhula ngaphakathi eziphilayo unina kwaye lulungiselelwe iqokobhe zabo. Ke phakathi umjikelo yophuhliso izityalo entsonkothileyo efanayo ngakumbi, nto leyo iquka indlela elula 2-3.

Amanqaku ukuba Kuyabonakala ukuba izityalo

Kwipropathi ebalulekileyo zonke izinto eziphilayo kukukwazi ukuzala. indlela yokuza- ngu:

• sex (gametes);
• maqanda (spores);
• Kwezityalo (ingxenye yomzimba).

Imijikelezo ezintsonkothileyo ukuzala apho kusoloko izigaba ezininzi ezahlukeneyo gametes kunye zygotes. Gamete - sesifikile nge seli sex haploid (eziqhelekileyo) iseti zofuzo. Le elilodwa kunye (ezimbini) iseti diploid akhiwa yeemanyano gametes ezimbini. Ukususela elilodwa kuphuhlisa sporophyte, oveza zavuleka haploid. Of kwimbambano - le gametophyte, bayahlelwa ibe yinkunzi nemazi.

Ngokomzekelo, singakwazi ukuthatha omfisi ravnosporovyh, leyo iintlobo ezimbini ngabanye - ngokwakhe omfisi (sporophyte) kunye zarostok (gametophyte). Zarostok - ke inzala abadala omfisi. Ukuba ixesha analo lifutshane kakhulu, kodwa ilawula ukuvelisa krupnolistvennuyu umntu omnye. Umjikelo ubomi besityalo ngenxa awohluke asetyenziselwa ukujikwa iqulethe alternation kwizizukulwana: ukusuka omfisi omdala prothallia kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuya omfisi abadala.

Indlela yokuza-

indlela Sexual izalana ezininzi izityalo. Xa oku kwenzeka ukuyilwa kwento ephilayo entsha elilodwa emva kokukhulelwa kunye gametes yokudibanisa (syngamy). Parthenogenesis - yokuzala ngaphandle kwesichumiso - nayo inxulumene indlela isini: umzimba lithatyathwe izogamety umntwana olumanyanisa izogamety eziyingozi. ukuzala phantse lonke kudityaniswe nezinye iindlela - kwezityalo okanye maqanda, ekubeni yona luphawulwa kwemveliso phantsi.

Ngelo xesha le ndlela nokukotshwa maqanda ezifumaneka yefeni, yaye mayifundwe kunye khetho kwezityalo - ezinye lisiza. Xa izityalo imbewu ukubunjwa okuzala ethathwe kwenye ezizalwa elilodwa, nto kule nkqubo ngaphezu kufana akukho ukuzala, kunye nokuzala.

Xa ukuzala maqanda kwakhiwa zoospores - iiseli ngaphandle kweendonga iseli, nto leyo izityalo multicellular zigcinwe ama ekhethekileyo, yaye iiseli ezisisigxina - aplanospory. Ngaphandle kokuba indlela enjalo yokuzala ifunyenwe kwindalo kunqabile kakhulu. Kudla ke kudityaniswe ngesondo okanye kwezityalo.

Kukho 2 iintlobo imbewu: mitospory ezivelayo inkqubo yokuzala maqanda, kwaye meiospores - zenzeke ngexesha ngesondo. Mitospory kubonakala ngokusebenzisa mitosis, nto leyo sihlahla efana motherboard. Meiospores esakhiwe meiosis ngexesha ukuntshula elilodwa okanye ama. Kuba uninzi nezityalo luphawulwa zombini iindlela yokuzala, ezo zifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezimbini zezilwanyana.

indlela ukuzala kwezityalo

Xa andise kwezityalo ngobuwena ukuba yahlulwe Akinetes - iiseli ngodonga. Wahlukene utywala unina ezinye iinxalenye zayo - kwamathole okanye yezintso iiseli. Ngale ndlela, phinda ezinye izityalo asezantsi, kuquka Sargassum, brown kunye lisiza ebomvu. Ngokukha ekhuthazwa izityalo bade kweentyatyambo, ezifana duckweed. Abanye babo amathupha Nzalandini kuyilwa, leyo ziwe emhlabeni bendelisele iingcambu apho. izintso kwakhona lwamasebe waza wabahlula kwisityalo kunina. Xa angiosperms, iqela kuxhaphakile kakhulu kuphuhliso amahlumelo ezivela rhizomes komhlaba.

ukwabiwa kwezityalo

Enye izigaba zokugqibela yemveliso lonikezelo kwezityalo. Endalweni ingaba 3 ngobuwena zokuhlala: Imbewu intsholongwane kunye nembewu. Kwiimeko ezinqabe kakhulu, ukwanda nga kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa zygotes. Okuninzi Linnaeus ezinxulumene imbewu kunye ibihlungu kwabatyhutyha cryptogams kunye nezityalo phanerogams. Uhlobo lwesibini liqela gymnosperms kunye angiosperms, kwaye yokuqala - onke amanye amaqela, kubandakanywa ulele, moss kunye kumila.

iindlela izityalo andise kufike indlela ende yendaleko ukusuka kwezityalo ngokwesini kunye maqanda. Ke kaloku ukwahlulwa yezityalo ibihlungu kunye nembewu ayiqhakamshelwa ukusasazeka, kunye nokuzala. indlela Seed elabelwe kwiqela eyahlukileyo kuba kucingwa spores yokuzala ezimbaxa gametes. ukuzala Imbewu ibandakanya izigaba ezininzi: ukuyilwa zygotes, gametes, imbewu, imibungu yobudoda, kwakunye kunikwe esityalo.

alternation kwizizukulwana

ubomi bezityalo ngokwemo kwizizukulwana ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ukuthwala amagama ahlukeneyo: utshintsho oluthile, alternation kwizizukulwana, njl Ingeniso omfisi ezinkulu prothallia kwimeko iifeni ravnosporovyh - umzekelo alternation ngezizukulwana amakishwe iimbonakalo iintlobo mdala kwezilwanyana ... Ezi ntlobo zimbini zahluke kakhulu ngembonakalo nzima ukufumana enye nesityalo efanayo. Zarostok omfisi kunzima kakhulu ukubona ngeliso lenyama. Xa prothallia analogue angiosperms - malu umbungu, leyo incinane kakhulu kwaye efihliweyo ezinzulwini kule mbali. Phakathi kwezinye amaqela ezi ntlobo ntlobo ulwelwe ayafana ngembonakalo, kodwa kakhulu ezahlukeneyo neempawu eziphilayo. Alternation kwizizukulwana kwenzeka phantse zonke izityalo ephezulu kunye kwemvelo of lisiza.

Kuyabonakala ukuba izityalo eziphezulu

Umjikelo wobomi izityalo ngaphezulu, ngaphandle bryophytes, ungachazwa ukuba gametophyte kakubi, kwakhiwa kumjikelo wobomi kuninzi kuthatha sporophyte. izityalo Bryophytes ayashiyana ukuba sporophyte kuphuhliswa ngaphakathi organ zangasese kwaye unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo kunye gametophyte. Kwimeko ubulembu inamagqabi kukhangeleka ngathi ibhokisi kunye imbewu ezikhula ukusuka phezulu gametophyte.

Ezinye izityalo eziphezulu ndilithethile sporophyte, leyo inkulu kwaye ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo multicellular kumaqumrhu ezifana amagqabi, iziqu kunye iingcambu. Izityalo ukuba umntu uzibona xa uthetha horsetails, yefeni okanye namanye amaqela - sporophytes.

Kuyabonakala ukuba izityalo ezininzi

Eyona ihambile ngokwemiqathango yazivelela kweentyatyambo izityalo. Umjikelo wobomi izityalo eneentyatyambo ungachazwa ukuba umbungu iyakwazi ukuphuhlisa ukusuka iqanda unfertilized (apomixis) rhoqo. Ifom eyinhloko kweentyatyambo yi sporophyte heterosporous emele izityalo kunye namagqabi nezikhondo. gametophyte Male bubonakaliswe ingqolowa umungu nemazi - le malu umbungu (yenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu gymnosperms). Body njenge ukuzala kwaye maqanda na yokusinda modified - intyatyambo. Zakuqala imbewu mazikhuselwe kweendonga isizalo. Umjikelo wobomi nezityalo qela kuphela emva kokukhulelwa nembewu Ukwakheka, umbungu leyo unikezelo izondlo akuxhomekekanga imiba yangaphandle.

Kuyabonakala gymnosperms kunye angiosperms

Iqela ibandakanya abameli gymnosperms Conifers kunye amatyholo. Abaninzi kubo abe amagqabi yinaliti-like iguqulwe kancinane. Umjikelo gymnosperms ubomi luphawulwa into yokuba microspores (umungu) akhiwa cone ezincinane oyindoda (anthers) kunye megaspory - in obhinqileyo (Ovule). Ukusuka microspore yenza gametophyte oyindoda, kwaye megaspory - ababhinqileyo. Umjikelo ubomi besityalo iqela Eboniswe kuloo kwezichumiso kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa umoya, enika umungu ukuya Ovule. Emva koko, ngaphakathi umbungu Ovule uqala ukuphuhlisa, kunye nembewu eziveliswa lulo. Kuxhomekeke kwi kwisikali imbewu undisguised. Imbewu unika sporophyte entsha, kumila isityalo esitsha kuzo.

Umjikelo wobomi angiosperms ungachazwa ukuba eli qela abe intyatyambo, apho imbewu ibunjiwe gametophytes kwezichumiso kunye nembewu nophuhliso. Le peculiarity eli qela - xa imbewu ekukhuseleni, ezithi zifihlwe ngaphakathi iziqhamo ze akhuselwe kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

Umjikelo wobomi izityalo ibihlungu

izityalo ibihlungu azikho ibiselityatyambile, kuba nabo kuthiwa cryptogamic. Baya kuza iindidi ezimbini:

• (Iifeni, horsetails, ubulembu, ubulembu club) ngaphezulu;
• asezantsi (ulwelwe, ulele).

Kuyabonakala ukuba izityalo ibihlungu kuxhomekeka iintlobo ukuya ngokwesondo okanye asexually lwalo. Abanakho ukuzala ngendlela ngesondo ngaphandle inxaxheba yokusingqongileyo emanzini. gametophyte isetyenziswa ukuzala, kodwa maqanda - sporophyte. Kukho nomnye ezimbini izityalo ibihlungu: haploid kunye diploid. Xa kwama haploid kuquka ubulembu, yefeni, horsetails kwaye apho gametophyte ngamanye kunye sporophyte amiliswe njenge prothallia. kwama Haploid ungachazwa ukuba sporophyte imeko owayamileyo kuyo.

Kuyabonakala ukuba izityalo: yesekethe

Ubulembu - abameli uhlobo eyayingekaphuhli zezityalo ngaphezulu. Bathi icandelo eqhelekileyo kakhulu umzimba esiqwini kwaye sishiya endaweni iingcambu - rhizoids filamentous. Bekhula e mgxobhozo, iindawo nokufuma kunye ukufuma ngumphunga kakhulu. Zizala, lo sporophyte lixhomekeke gametophyte, imbewu ayasekwa kwibhokisi ekhethekileyo, nto leyo ukwakweli gametophyte kwaye ezinxulumene nayo.

Abameli iifeni sinemibala pinnate enkulu (ama zicwangciswe kwicala ongezantsi). Isityalo iingcambu ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iphepha ngenene inkqubo yesebe, leyo kuthiwa vayey okanye predpobegom. Umjikelo wobomi iqela izityalo yefeni iquka amanqanam amabini: ngokwesondo kunye maqanda. Isigaba yenzeka kunye inxaxheba gametes kunye maqanda - ingxabano. isizukulwana maqanda iqala nge elilodwa diploid, kunye ngesondo - a zavuleka haploid. Ingeniso ezi izigaba kunye inxalenye enkulu komjikelo.