Periodization Vygotsky: lwabantwana ekuqaleni, lokufikisa, abadala. iimpawu ubudala

Periodization of Vygotsky, wengqondo odumileyo kwenkulungwane yama-20, kodwa akazange ezilahlekileyo ukufaneleka kwayo. Yaba isiseko eziliqela uphando lwangoku. Periodization Vygotsky unika thsuphe ukuba ukutshintsha indlela ubuntu lomntu njengoko baqhubele amanqanaba ahlukeneyo ebomini babo.

Academic ngakumbi umdla ebuntwaneni. Akumangalisi, kuba ngeli xesha wazibeka iziseko ubuntu, iviswa utshintsho ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ubomi bakhe bonke. Vygotsky periodization ivumela siqonde ukuba ebilindelekile buso umntwana ubudala banikwa utshintsho. izazinzulu uphando kuncedisa kakhulu abazali, ngubani ningaqondi kwenzeka ntoni abantwana babo.

Psychology, ukufunda inkqubo yophuhliso umntwana, sinika inkcazo ngamathuba yobudala eyahlukeneyo. Esebenza kunye nezinto ezifana "ubutsha" yaye "yobudala". ixesha Age (iminyaka) yi umjikelo yophuhliso umntwana, nto leyo eye zabafaki zalo kunye nesakhiwo.

ngqi yeemeko yobudala

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubudala nangokwasengqondweni umntwana ngamnye kunye nobudala ikhalenda, abhalwe kuqala kwi isiqinisekiso sokuzalwa kwakhe, yaye kamva watshata, ayisoloko idibana. Kufuneka kwakhona ukuba bathi bonke xesha uneempawu zawo ubuntu nezengqondo imisebenzi womntwana, ubudlelane nabanye. Ukongeza, yena ecacile, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka isukile. Kubonakala ukuba omnye umntwana phambi kokuba angene kwisithuba kweminyaka ethile, enye - kamva. Imida lokufikisa, nto leyo inxulunyaniswa ekufikiseni, "edadayo" sinamandla kakhulu.

ebuntwaneni

Childhood ibandakanya onke amaxesha ubudala ekuqaleni. Ingaba i eziqaphelekayo, ngokwesiseko kumalungiselelo umntwana for self-ingqesho, ekuqaleni ubomi abadala. Okukodwa ithuba ubudala zibandakanya kumiselwa inqanaba lophuhliso zenkcubeko nezentlalo nezoqoqosho loluntu, apho umntwana ngowam, apho uqeqesho nemfundo.

Xa ixesha lethu lufikelele esiphelweni ubuntwana? Xa bengqondo, oko ngokwemveli ixesha ukususela ekuzalweni de kwiminyaka engama-7. Nangona kunjalo, lo ebuntwaneni mihla, Kakade ke, siyaqhubeka emva kokuba umntwana engena esikolweni. Kakade ke, omncinane umfundi esengumntwana. Ezinye kwengqondo, ngasendleleni, ithathwa njenge "ebuntwaneni elide" esakhula. Enoba uluvo ukuze ahlukane, kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba ebudaleni yokwenene alindele ukuba nengane kuphela iminyaka 15-17.

L. S. Vygotsky malunga kuphuhliso

Uphuhliso Age of the zabantu - yinkqubo enzima. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi zophuhliso zabantwana. Ngomhla kula manqanaba kuyahlukahlukana iminyaka yomntu. Uphuhliso njengako L. S. Vygotskomu (photo ngasentla ibonisa oko) - na, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukuvela entsha. Ngenxa yoko, iqonga yophuhliso, ngokwale isayikholojisti, luphawulwa neoplasms kweminyaka ethile, ngamanye propati okanye iimpawu, ekube ngaphambili ngendlela ogqityiweyo. Noko ke, njengokuba Vygotsky wabhala omtsha "akuthethi awe esibhakabhakeni." Oku kwenzeka ngokwendalo. ikhondo kuphuhliso yangaphambili esilungiselela ngayo.

Imeko yentlalo ngumthombo yophuhliso. Inyathelo ngalinye ekuphuhlisweni abantwana eguqu-guqukayo ndlela iphembelela umntwana. It uba eyahlukileyo kakhulu xa lihamba ukusuka kwelinye iqela yobudala ukuya kwenye. L. S. Vygotsky wathetha "imeko lwentlalo yophuhliso." Phantsi lo mbono, ISAZINZULU waqonda ngqo ubudlelwane yobudala ethile phakathi komntu ongqongileyo kwezentlalo. Umntwana esinxibelelana-bume yentlalo, anokufundiswa kwaye uphakamisa kuyo. Le intsebenziswano limisela indlela yophuhliso, ekhokelela ekuveleni neoplasms ezinxulumene-ubudala.

Amava kunye nemisebenzi

Ziziphi abantwana indlela basebenzisane kunye nokusingqongileyo? Amava kunye nomsebenzi - iiyunithi ezimbini uhlalutyo ebizwa ngokuba imeko loluntu uphuhliso, nto leyo eye eyabelwe L. S. Vygotsky. Imisebenzi umntwana, umsebenzi wayo yangaphandle ifumaneka lula waphawula. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amava kunye nesicwangciso, oko kukuthi isicwangciso ngaphakathi. abantwana ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo abafumana le meko efanayo kusapho lwabo. Oku kunjalo kwamawele, oko kukuthi, abantwana abaneminyaka efanayo. Ngenxa yoko, umzekelo, ungquzulwano phakathi kwabazali okwanamhlanje kuluchaphazela kusini na uphuhliso umntwana, lo gama unobangela neurosis nokuphambuka ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwenye. Ukongeza, ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye ubudala, umntwana efanayo ngendlela entsha Kukho into imeko ethile intsapho.

Vygotsky malunga neendlela zophuhliso

Vygotsky wachaza iindlela ezimbini zilandelayo zophuhliso. Omnye wabo - kubalulekile. Yena ngesiquphe kuvela azifihle ngokukhawuleza. Indlela yesibini zophuhliso - ezolileyo (lytic). Xa ubudala buthile, ngokwenene, oko luphawulwa uphuhliso lytic, oko kukuthi, flow kade. Ekuhambeni kwexesha elide, ngokuqhelekileyo egubungele iminyaka eliqela, kula maxesha akukho, utshintsho ezibukhali olubalulekileyo kunye iishifti. Abo anokuthi waqaphela, hayi ukwakha yonke loo mntu. Kuphela ngenxa yokumpompoza ixesha elide kwinkqubo efihliweyo utshintsho buqapheleke.

ngqi lytic

Kweminyaka lophuhliso izinzile kwaye kubangelwa ubukhulu becala utshintsho ezincinane kubuntu. Lokwandisa ukuya umda elithile, ngoko ke zifumaneka discontinuously ngokohlobo eselekhulile neoplasm. Uninzi ebuntwaneni bakhe ngamaxesha axakeke ezinjalo. Ekubeni uphuhliso endleka ngaphakathi kubo ukuthetha, ngokuba komhlaba, kwi utshintsho ubuntu kuvela ngokucacileyo xa kuthelekiswa kwi ekuqaleni nasekupheleni ngexesha elithile. iminyaka Esitalini izazinzulu bafunda ngcono kakhulu kunokuba luphawulwa ngumbhodamo - olunye uhlobo zophuhliso.

ezifa-

Baye bafumana empirically kwaye abasafakwe kuluhlu kule nkqubo. Ukusuka ngaphandle maxesha luphawulwa iimpawu ngokwembonakalo, iminyaka yobudala malunga izinzile okanye ngokuthe ngcembe. Phezu okwexesha elifutshane kakhulu ixesha kula eyinkunzi nokuziphatha iishifti esinyusiweyo utshintsho, iingxaki kunye notshintsho zobuntu. Ngexesha elifutshane umntwana etshintsha yonke, iimpawu zayo eziphambili zobuntu. Ngeli xesha, uphuhliso kuthatha okukhawulezayo, ovuthuzayo, maxa wambi isimo. Olu phawu umdla lo periodization lophuhliso loluntu.

Vygotsky waphawula okuhle, nto leyo eye Sikwithuba elibaluleke kakhulu. Le yenguqu iintlobo ezintsha yokuziphatha. Izazinzulu ziye zachongwa namaxesha ezibalulekileyo zobuntwana: xesha lweentsana, unyaka omnye, iminyaka emithathu, iminyaka emithandathu okanye esixhenxe, lokufikisa.

Age periodization Vygotsky

Okokuqala, kukho ubunzima usana, ilandelwe yi-besebancinane (ukusuka iinyanga ezimbini ukuya ngonyaka). Ngeli xesha kukho ukuphikisana phakathi ubuncinane kunye nethuba ubuninzi ukunxibelelana zentlalo yomntwana.

Age periodization Vygotsky nengxaki eqhubekayo kunyaka 1. Oku kulandelwa lwabantwana abasaqalayo (ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuya kweyesithathu). Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi owenziwe inkwenkwe encinane okanye intombazana isisifundo-umpu, i "umdlalo kakhulu". Lo mntwana Kwabonakala intetho, behamba, izimbo zomzimba.

Oku kulandelwa le ntlekele iminyaka emi-3, emva koko kuza kokuya esikolweni ubudala (iminyaka emithathu ukuya esixhenxe). Ngeli xesha, kukho umkhwa ukusahlula omdala (imbuyekezo), kwakunye namandla unothanda, zokuziphatha hayi ngokwenene. Ivela "Mina". kwiminyaka 3 Le ntlekele iye ibe lixabiso elingqinelanayo, nto leyo kuchazwe into yokuba kukho iimpawu ezintsha zobuntu. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba xa, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, le ntlekele kwenzeka yemba, sluggishly, womelele elandelayo inkwenkwe encinane okanye intombazana ukubonisa ukulibaziseka ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwemiba volitional kwaye ngokwenene yobuntu.

Oku kulandelwa le ntlekele 7 iminyaka, emva koko kuza ixesha elitsha - ubudala isikolo (ukususela kwiminyaka-8 ukuya kwele-12). Abantwana ngexesha echaziweyo kulahleka. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba i umahluko ubomi ngaphakathi langaphandle. Kukho ukulandelelana azive gabalala, amava umntwana abe luncedo. Ukongeza, kukho nokuzixabisa. Ngokumalunga ntlekele kwiminyaka 7, abaphandi ziye zaphawula ukuba, kweli xesha kukho impumelelo ezibalulekileyo: ukutshintsha ngokunxulumene lomntwana nabanye abantwana, liyenyuka inkululeko yawo.

Xa ndandineminyaka engama-13 emva i ingxaki. Oku kulandelwa lokufikisa (14 to 18). Ngeli xesha kukho yimvakalelo mdala. Umntwana uqala ukuba ungubani yakhe, bakhe ukuzoyikisela kuphuhliswa. Ukuhla iqatshelwe imveliso yomsebenzi kwengqondo ngenxa ukubonakala isicwangciso utshintsho ukuba kutsalwe imali. ukuncipha lwethutyana yokusebenza kunye kudala unohlobo obenziwa ngabantu yengqondo.

Vygotsky wathi ulutsha - oku ke iminyaka engama-18 ukuya kwengama-25. Ngokutsho imithetho esisiseko kunye jikelele ithetha ukuba kwixesha lokuqala phakathi kweminyaka abaqolileyo. L. S. Vygotsky wamnika periodization eneenkcukacha ebuntwaneni kuphela, kodwa utshintsho elizayo ubuntu. Iingcali zengqondo, ndandifunda, sichonge maxesha alandelayo.

ulutsha

izazinzulu Young ngokuqhelekileyo kuchazwa phakathi kweminyaka eli-19 ukuya kwengama-30. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ubudala komda lunemiqathango kakhulu. Umsebenzi ophambili kweli xesha lo qha olusondeleyo kunye nabantu besini esahlukileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ulutsha - lixesha lokuba ube nethemba. Ngeli xesha, indoda ezele amandla am, umnqweno ukuphumeza iinjongo. elona xesha lifanelekileyo self-ukuqaphela Youth na.

ukuqamba crisis

ubuchule lobunzima kwenzeka elilujongano phakathi eselula kunye ophakathi (avareji yobudala - ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwezingama-45). Isizathu kukunyuka ubuchule, nto leyo sikhatshwa kukunyuka yesiqhelo. Professional nobomi osapho ngcono. Kukho ukuqonda ukuba umntu okwazi ngaphezulu. Oko ngeli xesha, ngokufuthi abantu ukutshintsha umsebenzi wabo, umtshato.

I-avareji yobudala yeentlekele eli thuba

Umyinge ubudala - nto kwakhona yobudala enemiqathango kakhulu. Akwenzeki ukuba ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo umda wayo, kodwa idla zicwangciswa kuluhlu engama-30 ukuya kwezingama-45. Ngeli xesha kukho ukusebenza eliphezulu. Ukufumana amava, umntu uba indoda intsapho elungileyo kunye yincutshe. Yena kuqala ucinga nzulu okuseleyo emva kokufa kwakhe. Ekupheleni kweli nqanaba lobomi kuza inkinga yokukhula. Isizathu kuba ukuba phezulu, kwaye uyaqonda ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba bakhangele ezinye izicwangciso ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zangaphambili okanye nokuhlaziya ulangazelelo ubudala. Ngexesha le ntlekele actualized iingxaki ebomini (bodwa, ukufa, ukungabi intsingiselo), kukho iingxaki ezithile (maladjustment, ikheswa, inguqu epheleleyo lwamaxabiso).

ukuvuthwa

ixesha ukuvuthwa uchazwa ukudala phakathi kweminyaka engama-45 no-60, nangona imida yayo kwakhona mobile kakhulu. Umsebenzi ophambili kweli xesha Creative, self-ukuqonda. Ziphunyeziwe iwonga ekuhlaleni, izakhono zobungcali kunye namava lidlule. Man zokwazisela iinjongo zabo. Yena ubani ayeke amathemba ngokungenabulungisa kunye babebona zolutsha.

UPawulos le ntlekele

Ithuba ukuvuthwa lengxaki debriefing elandelayo. Isizathu sokuba kuyo - ukuhla iwonga ekuhlaleni, kwakunye ukulahleka isingqi yobomi, ngaphandle amashumi eminyaka. Ngamanye amaxesha, konke oku kukhokelela ukwehla elibukhali imeko engqondweni nasemzimbeni.

ukuguga

yobudala Old - isithuba kwiminyaka yobudala engama-60 okanye ngaphezulu. Le nezengqondo yomntu ngeli xesha luphawulwa ngento, inzolo, asthenia kubalulekile, olumkileyo, enakhanyiselwa ngayo, sinotyekelo kwinkumbulo. Indoda okhulileyo nomfazi ukuvelisa nenkathalo, kodwa ihlukane indawo ngokunxulumene abazukulwana kunye nabazukulwana ezinkulu.

Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba esi sigaba iphawulwa akukho ntlekele entsha, ukuhlanganiswa, summation kunye novavanyo zonke izigaba zangaphambili lophuhliso. Xa ukuguga uza yoxolo kuvela ubuchule wakhangela bathi, ubomi wayehlala ngokuthobeka kodwa ngokuqinileyo: ". Ndanelisekile" Abo babenako ukwenza oko ngaphandle koloyiko le akunakuphepheka yokufa, njengoko bebona ukuqhubeka ngokwabo okanye impumelelo zabo zobugcisa, okanye inzala. Kodwa abanye abantu abenza ngayo ebomini bakhe edlulileyo uthotho iimpazamo kunye kungaqatshelwanga. Bayaqonda ukuba ukuze uqale kwakhona emva kwexesha.

Kufuneka wathi iminyaka iimpawu uchazwe apha ngasentla ityhila iimpawu kuphela jikelele zophuhliso nobuntu. Ngamnye wethu wahlukile. Abantu ezahlukeneyo babe ukukhula kunye nophuhliso kwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngako oko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukumisela imida ngqo yothuba elithile. Iingcali zengqondo, Kakade, zikuthathele ingqalelo oku xa ethetha ingqiqo njengokuba ezithile ngokwezinga yobudala.