Art Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 kunye neentlobo zayo

yobuciko "Olunyulu", evakalisa amaxabiso musa kuxhomekeka kwimiba yezentlalo kunye nembali kunye neentsingiselo, - yabagqibeleleyo, kodwa isenzeko ibingakholeleki.

Kunzima ukwenza ngaphandle kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa ukunikela ingqalelo izimvo ezikhoyo eluntwini - olusesikweni nolungekho sikweni. Russian art kwinkulungwane yama-20 echatshazelwe utshintsho kwinkqubo ekuhlaleni ezinamandla, bengazi naliphi na elinye ilizwe.

Ukuqala kwenkulungwane, ukufuna iimbono ezintsha

iminyaka eli-100 kwinkulungwane XX ukuze yonke impucuko aba era ekwakugquba zibonwe. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX lobuchwepheshe inkqubela acofwa ngexesha kunye nendawo wonke umhlaba, ungquzulwano lwentlalo kummandla othile lonyuka kuba uyothuka scale-langa. Inkcubeko kunye nobuciko kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya, kwakunye yonke imisebenzi yoluntu eYurophu naseMelika, abe attachment yethutyana ukuba iziganeko zibalulekileyo kwimbali yakutshanje.

amanani Magic ezibonisa imvelaphi kwenkulungwane entsha, usoloko yenza ukulindela tshintsho, ithemba nesiqalo nokufika, ixesha elitsha noyolo. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, owadala udumo kwihlabathi-ngokubanzi kwinkcubeko Russian, kusekelwe elidlulileyo, eshiya isiko olungayi liphele nje.

"World of Art" - ekuthiwa umbutho abaculi kwavela 1898, kwaqhubeka kunye iziphazamiso de 1924, ngaphandle apho akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso yobugcisa kwikota yokuqala kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya. I 'miriskusstnikov "akazange abe mnye, indlela iyonke - ngabapeyinti, abazobi, abakroli bahamba iindlela zabo eyahlukileyo, kunye kwemvume izimvo ngenjongo yokuba ngobugcisa indima yalo ekuhlaleni. imisebenzi emininzi yale mbono wavakalisa misebenzi Mihaila Vrubelya. core isiseko esisemthethweni lombutho baba L. S. Bakst, M. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev, K. A. Somov. Maxa wambi, oko yayihanjelwe Bilibin, A. Ya. Golovin, I. E. Grabar, KA Korovin, BM Kustodiev, N. K. Rerih, V. A. Serov kunye nezinye iinkosi.

Bonke ukuqaphela ukuphakama lobungcali kwimizobo, inxalenye enkulu inkululeko ubugcisa kunye ukuzimela wegcisa evela iimfundiso zikawonke-wonke, hayi bemkhanyela ixabiso zobugcisa ebomini bomntu, ekhalazela ngqongqo kwizifundo kwelinye icala kunye politicization kakhulu womzobo kwi ziimbacu - kwelinye icala. abalandeli wagxeka izithethe "World of Art" ayikwazanga ukungena kwinkqubo ngokukhawuleza ngokuzalwa ubugcisa "uyazazi", kodwa ke iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu zonke arts kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya - kunye nabo babesebenza eSoviet Union, kunye nabo izwe.

mihla

Le eminyaka yokugqibela yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba zaba kwithuba ukuzalwa isimbo esitsha washiya uphawu ngemisebenzi iinkosi yobugcisa ecikizekileyo bokwakha. Kwakufuneka iimpawu zalo kwezinye kwimimandla eYurophu, apho wada ingabizwa ngokwahlukileyo. EBelgium France, anamathela igama "Art Nouveau" eJamani - "Art Nouveau" e-Austria - "ukuba kusungulwe". Yazi ezinye amagama ezinxulumene artists edume le isimbo okanye iinkampani ukuvelisa ifanitshala izinto ezifanayo, izacholo kunye nezinye iimveliso: style musha, Guimard isimbo - eFransi, Liberty eItali, eUnited States - Tiffany Style, njl Art of Russia .. ukwakhiwa kwinkulungwane yama-20 ingakumbi, bamazi njengohlobo modernist.

Art Nouveau waba emva kwexesha elide yokudodobala yesimbo omnye lweentsingiselo ezininzi ekhululekile kwaye abangaboni zobugcisa esezantsi ethathe imilo. uhlaza yakhe luphawu, umlinganiswa kakuhle imigca ukuhonjiswa ifumile kuhlanganiswe iindlela ezilula zejometri latsala izixa ezikhulu amathayara ekhululekile kunye nentsusa kwamagcisa kunye nabayili.

Fodor Osipovich Shehtel (1859-1926) - star Russian izakhiwo mihla. italente yakhe usinike mpawu zesizwe ungaphinda yobuciko aphangalele isimbo Shechtel - ndlu Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky - le indalo ngokomakhi Russian, kwaye ngokubanzi, kwaye iinkcukacha.

Vanguard Pre-revolution

inkqubo ekufumaneni iindlela ezintsha zobugcisa, nangaphezulu - eneneni yakhe entsha - kubalulekile ukuba ubugcisa kulo lonke elaseYurophu eMelika. art Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 iqulethe ixesha ezithile revolution ngokwenene, xa umsebenzi abaHlaziyi ezimbalwa walatha indlela entsha yophuhliso yokucinga yokuluka. Enye kakhulu umxhelo kwaye zibangel ithuba inter-revolution ukususela 1905 ukuya 1917. Iimpawu avant-garde art eRashiya kudalwe yi ntlekele ubomi boluntu Russian emva nentlekele yaseRussia-Japanese War kunye Revolution of 1905.

Kwabakho ngelo xesha ezininzi iintshukumo avant-garde kunye bokudala kufuneka ngezizathu ezifanayo kwaye ezingenisa iinjongo ezifanayo wophendlo yokuluka. Yiba nempembelelo enamandla ubugcisa ezisisiseko kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwi-Russian Futurists kunye Cubo-Futurists, "Jack of Diamonds" yaye "Blue Rose", Kandinsky kunye neendlela Suprematism ezahlukileyo ukhangela imihlaba emitsha Malevich bakhe, wavakalisa ubugcisa endala ye ntlekele, siye salahlekelwa ngendeb 'endala, ngaphambi kokufika yesiphithiphithi jikelele .

Phakathi iingcamango ezintsha ozelwe avant-garde, yaba ingcamango Yindibanisela zobugcisa. art Dramatic kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya iqulathe maphepha alandelayo njengoko yokudlala odumileyo - IManifesto ubugcisa "Ukoyiswa ilanga" omtsha (1913). Yaba kwesiphumo eqhelekileyo lokudala iimbongi Futurist A. ejijekileyo, M. Matyushina, Khlebnikov kunye umhombiso wabulawa Kazimir Malevich.

Cebisa kwakho vutshila amagcisa Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 Konchalovsky, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mashkov, Goncharova, uMarc Chagall waba ababhali lwemizobo eziye amkelwa ngamazwe. Oko laqala eli kulwamkelo kwiminyaka elishumi kwinkulungwane XX, ngexesha wokuzalwa avant-garde ukupeyinta wembali yakutshanje.

Formation of art Soviet

Emva kokuba October Revolution, iRussia ithuba ukuvula zexa amatsha ehlabathini lonke ebomini loluntu, kuquka ubugcisa. Kwaye ke iimeko ziye obuyiyile ekuqaleni, xa ngokungathethekiyo zandisa ixabiso wonke umntu unesiphiwo, wafika umbane ngaphambi iingcamango ezintsha zokudala.

Indlela ophatha ngayo ngelixa imbali yezobugcisa? Le kwinkulungwane yama-20, eRashiya, kwalahlwa - ngaba unprecedentedly ubomi esebenzayo imifanekiso art ezininzi, ziphakathi apho:

- UNOVIS - "ubugcisa omtsha affirmative" (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov). Yasekwa ngonyaka ka ngenxa zesikolo zobugcisa e Vitebsk, le yahlabeka umlweli ukuba ubugcisa avant-garde, uye wanikela ukukhangela imixholo emitsha kunye neentlobo zobugcisa.

- "Arts Ezine" - kuba ngokuhambelana "World of Art" Eyona njongo ephambili - ukubonisa kunethuba elikhulu ezibonisa izakhiwo, ukukrola, ukuzoba kunye nokupeyinta. Bancokole imfuneko egqwesileyo kunye nenkululeko ngobuchule. Abameli ezigqamileyo womzobi A. V. Schusev, ukuhlela V. A. Favorsky, nomkroli V. I. Muhina, ngabapeyinti Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev nabanye.

- "Ost", "Society of ngoM Artists". Kucingwa engundoqo bonisa imiqondiso ukuqala ubomi obutsha elinoxolo, ulwakhiwo kwilizwe oselula mihla ngokusebenzisa isimbo ophezulu ecacileyo, kodwa elula necacileyo. Iinkokheli: J. Sternberg, A. Deineka, Yu Pimenov, P. Williams.

- "Circle of Amagcisa" (iLeningrad). Emva izinga lotshintshiselwano esemthethweni, uphuhliso 'ixesha kwesimbo. " amalungu akhutheleyo eli qela: A. Samohvalov, Pakhomov, VA Pakulin.

- AHRR - 'Association of Artists ze Revolutionary Russia "- kwimanyano eyaba isiseko kamva wadala Union of Artists waseUSSR, imigca umbhexeshi esebenzayo yenkokheli ezizinzululwazi inkqubo yobugcisa, njengesixhobo ze iqela, kwiindlalifa ngabelusi. Thina bema intloko I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, MB Grekov, B. V. Ioganson.

constructionism

Xa iinkqubo zamaziko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo emfundo ukuba kuqeqeshwe nabayili ekhona sihlolisise isihloko "Unxibelelaniso Russian - iplani avant-garde sharing-20". Ezibaluleke kakhulu ngayo ukuba ukuqonda ubugcisa wokwakha, ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ngenxa yaso nasiphi na ubude bexesha zezona iingcamango evakaliswe yi iinkokheli kwicala. Izakhiwo Abasindileyo uKonstantin Melnikov (indlu umyili Krivoarbatsky Lane club Rusakova on Stromynka, Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage, njalo njalo), abazalwana Vesnin, Moiseya Ginzburga (Narkomfin on Novinsky Boulevard) kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi kwemicimbi zokwakha Russian --mali zegolide izakhiwo wesizwe.

Functionalism, uphambuke ezintethweni zenze ngokungeyomfuneko, bayo yesakhiwo zokwakha, ngokuvumelana wadala yi kokusingqongileyo - ezi zimvo zaba sisiseko imingeni emitsha ezimiswayo nabayili abatsha, amagcisa kunye neengcali ze-ndawo eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba kuyilo mveliso. Kwakufuneka ukwakha izindlu sesininzi kwiidolophu abatsha, amaqela abasebenzi 'ukuphuhlisa ubuntu babo, ukudala izinto umsebenzi kunye nabanye umntu omtsha. mpumelelo ezimangalisayo avant-garde le eko ayikwazi ukuba bayicezele ekufundeni ubuchule Russia zenkulungwane yama-20. Architecture eYurophu naseMelika lonke ixesha okulandelayo isekelwe phezu kwabo. Ilusizi yona into yokuba ezi zimvo inkqubela baba ubuncinane kwemfuno ekhaya, kwaye impumelelo enkulu zakhiwo eSoviet ephakamileyo kuthathwa 'ubukhosi Stalin kaThixo ".

Art ngexesha lama totalitarianism

Ngowe-1932, nasiSigqibo Central Committee CPSU (b) kumsebenzi art. era isaqhwithi imikhwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiyalelo phezu intshukumo ethe wafumana amandla oomatshini karhulumente ilawulwa izixhobo yembono, nto leyo eye yalomeleza igunya kuphela. Iminyaka emininzi, ubugcisa Russian zenkulungwane yama-20, njengoko kakhulu kweli lizwe, iye exhomekeke izimvo yomntu omnye - Iosifa Stalina.

Iimanyano Creative ziye zaba njengendlela ngaphantsi iingcamango zobugcisa olunye standard eceleni. Ixesha of yobusoshiyali ngokoqobo ku titoloveta. Ngokuthe ngcembe, nayiphi na kushenxwe umlinganiselo esemthethweni waba izaphuli, kwanabo kufika phantsi zocindezelo lokwenene. Emangalelwa zokuhamba ukusuka kumgca iqela yaba indlela yokusombulula iingxoxo zokudala. Le progressiveness yale kuyathandabuzeka kakhulu. Indlela ukuphuhlisa, ngokomzekelo, yeqonga Russian zenkulungwane yama-20, ukuba sangamaxhoba sigaba ingcinezelo wenguquko enkulu Vsevolod Meyerhold?

Uhlobo italente yobugcisa unzima kwaye kunzima ukuyichaza. Imifanekiso kweenkokeli ivela ngobuchule obukhulu kunye nemvakalelo ngokunyanisekileyo. Hayi nkqu ingcinezelo kakhulu ndikhohlakele ayikwazanga kuthintela ukuvela artists abanetalente ngokwenene, kuba lowo nto ibalulekileyo ukuzichaza kungakhathaliseki ukuba sikhokelo eceleni.

Bokwakha, ukuba 'ubukhosi Stalin kaThixo "lixesha. Ukukhangelwa avant-garde kungena amanye ukubuyela izinqumo olungqiniweyo. Amandla ubuKomanisi ubungcwele iisampulu ezikhwankqisayo neoclassicism ukuqhubekekiswa - kaStalin "ezinde".

Art eDRC

Xa kwimbali yelizwe lethu sibe ixesha, yaba yintlekele mkhulu kunye mbili kokukhula ngokomoya. Russia art 20-21 leminyaka iye yaba yenye izihloko eziphambili, likuvumela ukuba ukuchaza ubukhulu umlinganiswa yesizwe Russian, ubunzulu imizwa bayazi ngamnye kunye izihlwele ezinkulu ngexesha kuphazamiseka zembali.

IMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu ukususela kwimihla yakudala ngokucula imifanekiso ebonwayo amandla emangalisayo. I. Toidze poster "The Calls looMawokhulu!" Wavusa ukukhusela ilizwe elingcono ngaphezu nayiphi na ngqwayi, yaye "Ukuvikela Sevastopol" Deineki eyothusayo nabani na, nokuba iingcamango ukuba uyavumelana. encomekayo nje Seventh Symphony Dmitriya Shostakovicha, kunye nobugcisa zokuvuma kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya ayikho ngaphantsi kwe ezinye iintlobo zomsebenzi wokudala imbeko umxholo emfazweni nxamnye Fascism.

nobudlelwane

Emva kokuba Uloyiso Great into zembali zilandelayo enamandla nempembelelo ngobomi zoluntu USSR ukufa kukaStalin (Matshi 1953) kunye XX Congress of the CPSU owamvusayo umba yokuqhelisa ukunqulwa ubuntu,. Xa ixesha lokuba amagcisa, ngokunjalo ukuba uluntu lonke, umpefumlo inkululeko bobuchule kunye neengcinga ezintsha. Generation "gqira" - ziyenzeka ngqo kakhulu, oko washiya memory of naye bemi elifutshane umoya, wenza nje kokuba diving umva ukuya kumgxobhozo amashumi kulinganiswa, ayiqabe, ubukho kulawulwa.

Yemifuniselo lokuqala ubugcisa avant-garde le "wave yesibini" - imisebenzi E.Belutin, Yu Sooster V. Yankylevsky, B. Zhutovsky njl -. Ukuze mboniso azinikele engama-30 kwisebe eMoscow kweManyano Iimvumi, ugwetyiwe ngqwabalala ngokwakhe yinkokeli entsha lizwe H . Khrushchev. kwakhona Party waqala acacisele abantu ukuba luhlobo luni na oko kuyimfuneko, kwaye amagcisa - nendlela ukubhala.

Architecture wayalelwa ukuba ukulwa ukuzinkcinkca ukuba kuyinyaniso ngenxa iingxaki zoqoqosho kwixesha kwemfazwe, kwafika ixesha lokuba lwezindlu abaninzi, i "Khrushchev", nto leyo isuswe ezinye acuteness ingxaki yezindlu, kodwa ubuso mntu ulimeleyo kwizixeko ezininzi.

Ubuchule "socialism kwavela"

art ubukhulu becala Russian kwesiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yama-20 ubukhulu becala imbali ungquzulwano zobuntu zobugcisa kwiimbono lubalaseleyo. Kodwa ngoxa kusemnandi ummiselo yembono iqhekeza ngalinye isithuba ngokomoya amagcisa abaninzi baye bafumana iindlela aguqule kancinane indlela emiselweyo ngokoqobo yobusoshiyali.

Ngoko ke, kulo mzekelo ngenxa abatsha abangama iinkosi ukuba bazilungise iinkolelo zabo nkqu eko: N. Romadin, M. Saryan, A. maleko kunye nabanye. Umfanekiso ilungu owayesakuba lombutho ubugcisa "Ost" yi uYuri Pimenov "Wedding kwi Street Ngomso", ebhalwe 1962, waba uphawu ithemba uhlaziyo yoluntu.

Enye simo awayeza kwimizobo yiSoviet yelo xesha indalo le "isimbo kakhulu". Xa eli gama libhekisela ukusebenza G. Corjova, P. abazalwana Ossovsky Smolin, P. Nikonov et al. Xa bekwenza ngemizobo yabo yepeyinti, ebhalwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo (zasekhaya, historical), kwakukho iqhawe abangazange mfuneko izalathiso, lixakekile eqondakalayo kuyimfuneko nto. Yena ivezwe ngaphandle iinkcukacha ezingeyomfuneko kunye wandiyolisayo coloristic, ecacisa yaye qhalo.

Okubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi iinkosi ezifana Victor Popkov. isandi Civil lwemizobo zakhe iqulethe kunqabile ngobugcisa humanistic eSoviet eziqhelekileyo, umyalezo phantse zonqulo, kunye nesimbo painting enemvelaphi yayo: Italian le Renaissance.

recusancy

ukubusa esemthethweni "ngokoqobo bobusoshiyali" yenza amagcisa sesikweni ukufumana indlela eya kumboniseli, okanye asebenzise yokushiywa. Ekhohlo Shemyakin, I. Kabakov, Rabin, E. engaziwayo, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Yiyo le amagcisa zenkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya, nto leyo ke yenethiwekhi imilinganiselo yokomoya, owazalwa kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini avant-garde, waza wabuyela kwilizwe lawo emva ukuwa ubuKomanisi.

Yaye ngexesha yokonganyelwa kwalo yabonakala yokushiywa yangaphakathi, okubangelwa ngumba ethandwayo ye ophambeneyo, unxila artist mmi ngengqondo, watshutshiswa ngabasemagunyeni kunye neenkokheli kwiimanyano ezobugcisa, kodwa kakhulu ziingcali yasentshona ezizimeleyo. Umdlali ophethe eqhelekileyo kule ndlela Zverev - umzobo edume ngokuba eMoscow era le socialism zaphuhliswa.

Polystylistics kanye ezininzi

Bakhululwe ngobulukhuni imo kwexesha eSoviet, ubugcisa emihle kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya yaqukwa kwi-nkqubo jikelele njengoko ingxenye engenakususwa, ukuba abafana nabo iimpawu kunye neendlela. iintlobo ezininzi zobugcisa, eziqhelekileyo eNtshona ixesha elide, ngokukhawuleza kakuhle kunye namagcisa endawo. .. Igama elithi "umsebenzi", "ufakelo video", njl baye eziqhelekileyo kwintetho yethu, naphakathi magcisa ibalulekileyo owayephila ne udumo ngamazwe - amagcisa iimbono diametrical kwizikhombisi: Zurab Tsereteli, Shilov, T. Nazarenko , M. Kishev A. Burganov kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Isaqhwithi, imbali akucingeleki, kutshanje eli lizwe, owazeka wesithandathu ezweni koMhlaba, ekhangele kwisipili yakho - ubugcisa Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 - yaye oko kubonakaliswe amawaka imifanekiso engalibalekiyo ...