Umgama ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya eSun

Ukususela ebuntwaneni buntwaneni, wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ilanga libhobho enkulu ebomvu, ibhinqa elikude. Kodwa ngombuzo wendlela umgama ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kwi-Sun, akuwona wonke umntu omdala onemfundo ephakamileyo onokuphendula. Eli nqaku lichaza indlela umgama ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kwi-Sun uhluka ngayo unyaka wonke, ukuba izazinzulu zilinganisa njani umgama kwaye zininzi kangakanani xa kuthelekiswa nokudeka kwezinye izinto zendawo.

Ilanga li malunga neekhilomitha ezilikhulu elinamanci amahlanu ukusuka eMhlabeni. Umjikelezo weMhlaba akusilo isangqa esilungileyo, kodwa i-ellipse, ngoko umgama phakathi kweziko le-solar kunye neMhlaba ngamaxesha ahlukileyo awafani. Ubuncinane bexabiso kwi-astronomy libizwa nge-perihelion, kwaye ubuninzi bubizwa ngokuba yi-aphelion. I-Perihelion iyiikhilomitha ezilikhulu elinamashumi amane anesibhozo, kwaye ixabiso le-aphelion liyikhulu elinamanci amahlanu anesibini. I-Perihelion ibhalela ngoJanuwari, kunye ne-aphelion - ngoJulayi.

Ukusuka Emhlabeni, ilanga libonakala lincinci kuthi. Enyanisweni, ububanzi bayo buba ngaphezu kobuninzi bomhlaba kunye ne-equator ngamaxesha angama-109. Umgama omkhulu ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya kwiSizwe yeso sizathu sokuba sibone isangqa esiluhlaza obomvu obomvu esibhakabhakeni. Inyanga idla ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kodwa ibonakala ngaphantsi kwezulu ebusuku. Umgama ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kwi-satellites yendalo kuphela yilingana no-384.3 iikhilomitha eziliwaka. Ezi zihlandlo ezingama-390 ngaphantsi komgama ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya kwiLanga. Ixesha apho ilanga lifikela phezu kweplanethi yethu yimizuzu yesibhozo kunye nemizuzwana engamashumi amabini.

Ngaba izazinzulu zenza njani ukulinganisa umgama ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kwiSanga? Ziziphi iindlela abazisebenzisayo? Imizamo yokuqala kulolu hlobo lwenziwa kwiGrisi yamandulo, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuthetha ngeziphumo zangempela kuphela emva kwekhulu leshumi elinesixhenxe. Ngasekupheleni kweMinyaka yeMinyaka i-parallax yasetyenziswa. Le ndlela iquka ukuba kwisiseko seenkcukacha kwi- radius yoMhlaba kunye nokubonwa kwiMhlaba emva kweLanga, i-angle iyagqitywa, phantsi kwayo uMhlaba uza kubonakala ukusuka kwi-Sun kumgca we-horizontal. Umgama ukusuka kwenye indawo yendawo ukuya komnye ibalwa ngokufuduka kweparallactic.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-20, inzululwazi yezobugcisa kunye nezobuchwepheshe ithele indlela entsha yokulinganisa ubude kwindawo yangaphandle. Indlela ye-radar yile ndlela ilandelayo: i-pulse ithunyelwa kwindawo yendawo, uphawu lufunyenwe kuyo, kwaye ke, ngokusekelwe kwidatha ngexesha lokuhamba kwimizila ephindwe kabini ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kunomdla, umgama ubalwa kwisantya esaziwayo. Namhlanje uthuthuko lwe-astronomy luneendlela ezintsha zokufumanisa ukuba zininzi kangakanani iikhilomitha ezivela kuthi iinkwenkwezi kunye neeplanethi zemiqolo encinci. Esi sisisiphumo se-Syunyaev-Zeldovich, esekelwe ekulungiseni ukutshintsha kwomsakazo kwento ngexesha, ukuvutha kweengcingo, ngokusekelwe ekufundeni ukukhanya kweemitha ezikhanyayo kwintsimi yokuvuthwa yento, indlela yokwenza iisetyhula eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela umgama ukusuka kwindlela yelanga ukuya kuyo nayiphi na i-galaxy.

Uyiphendula njani umbuzo malunga nomgama ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kwiLanga? Ngaba inkulu okanye incinci? Yonke inxulumene. Kubalulekile xa kuthelekiswa nomgama ukusuka kuMhlaba ukuya kuMarha okanye kwiNyanga, kodwa kulubala ngokungabalulekanga xa kuthelekiswa nomgama ukuya kwezinye ienkwenkwezi kunye nemiqolo. Iplanethi esondele kakhulu kuMhlaba yiVenus, kwaye i-41.4 yezigidigidi ukusuka kwiikhilomitha. Phakathi komhlaba kunye ne-Mars 78.3 yezigidi zeekhilomitha, phakathi kweMhlaba neMercury-91.6 km. Kodwa iJupiter kunye nezinye iiplanethi ezinkulu zide ukusuka kuMhlaba kuneLanga.

Iimilinganiselo ezifana ne-parsec kunye nonyaka okhanyayo zivame ukusetyenziswa ukulinganisa izikhala ze-cosmic. Ngomgama wecandelo elithile le-parsec, i-parallax yonyaka yento yesithuba enye yesibini (ngoko igama elithi "parsek" - parallax ngesibini). Unyaka wokukhanya ngumgama okhanya ogqithisayo kunyaka. Ezi zithethe zisetyenziswe kwimilinganiselo yokufunda izidalwa zasemazulwini ezikude. Ngoko, umzekelo, ukusuka kwiMhlaba ukuya kwiinkwenkwezi ze- Alpha Centauri ukukhanya kuhamba iminyaka emine, ukuya kwi-Sirius - eyisibhozo kunye nesiqingatha iminyaka, kunye ne-Orange giant Betelgeuse-650!