Utopia ngumzekelo wesimo esihle

Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini zokuvela kwegama elithi utopia. Le ndawo, ngokweyokuqala kwabo, engekho (ha - hayi, indawo yokuhlala, isiGrike.). Kwaye okwesibini - ilizwe elisikelelweyo (i-good - good, placepost). Eli gama lasetyenziswa kuqala kwisihloko sencwadi nguT. Mor. Kamva waba igama lekhaya, elichaza amazwe ahlukeneyo acetywayo kunye nenkqubo yoluntu efanelekileyo kunye nezicwangciso ezingenangqiqo eziqulethwe kwiincwadi kunye nokuphathwa kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yentlalo.

Utopia ibonakalisa iimfuno zentlalo ethile yentlalo engekho, ngokomthetho, ngamandla. Yenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yengqiqo, yemfundo kunye nemibono. Ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwa njengendlela yokubonakalisa ingcamango yenguqulelo.

Kwakhona, utopia yindlela ekhethekileyo yentlalo yoluntu ejoliswe ekuqondeni ukulungelelaniswa kwezentlalo, ukuzama ukulindela ikusasa, ukugxeka inkqubo ekhoyo. Kwi-Renaissance, yaboniswa kwingcaciso yelizwe eligqibeleleyo, elibonakala likhona kwindawo ethile okanye ekhona ngaphambili. Isasazeka kwiChina yexesha elidala neliphakathi (imisebenzi yaseLo Lao Tzu, Mo-tzu), kunye nakwabantu baseMbindi naseMpumalanga Ephantse (Ibn Badja, Al-Farabi).

Kwiminyaka ye-17 neye-18 yeepapasho ezithengiswayo zazisasazwa, kunye neeprojekthi zokuguqulwa kwezopolitiko nezentlalo. Kwaye ukususela phakathi kwekhulu le-19, utopia uye waba uhlobo oluthile lwencwadi malunga neengxaki zokuziphatha kunye noluntu olufanelekileyo. Iintlobo ezininzi ezisebenzayo kwii-20 zenkulungwane zabhalwa nguH. Wells.

Ngomlinganiselo obanzi, utopia luhlobo oluthile lwenkqutyana ethile yendalo yonke, leyo, ngokubambisana nabalandeli bayo, iya kunceda ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana okukhoyo kuluntu. Ubonakaliswe yi-anti-historicism, ukuxhaswa kwefomu, ukuhlukana nokunyaniseka, inxaxheba ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhulisa kunye nomthetho, ithemba lokuxhasa abantu abasemagunyeni.

Njengenkcaso, kukho ulwaphulo oluchasayo olufuna ukukhanyela ukulungelelaniswa kwentlalo kunye nokuxolelana kunye nenkqubo ekhoyo kwimeko, ukuze kugweme ikusasa elibi. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-anti-utopia iboniswa kukuba ibonisa iinjongo zentlalo yabachasi (ngokuqhelekileyo kwifom ye-caricature).

Ulawulo lwezentlalo lwePlato lunye lweengcamango zokuqala zolu hlobo. Ngokutsho kwengcamango yakhe, urhulumente ubonisa ukuqiniswa ngokuqinisekileyo, uxinzelelo lobulungisa nobuhle. Ukuze kufezekiswe oku, abantu kufuneka benze imisebenzi echazwe ngokungqongqo, ehambelana neempawu zomphefumlo wabo kunye nezakhono zendalo.

Umphefumlo uquka ezintathu izinto-ezinamandla-ezinqwenelekayo, ezinengqiqo kunye nefuthe. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko eziphambili zezo okanye ezinye iindawo, ukuhanjiswa kwemisebenzi yoluntu kwenzeka. Ingxenye enomnqweno onomphefumlo onamandla kunamandla phakathi kwamajoni akhusela abantu kwiintshaba. Inxalenye efanelekileyo yezofilosofi ezibandakanyekayo ekulawuleni urhulumente. Abachaphazelekayo - kubahlali kunye nabenzi bezobugcisa abandakanyekayo kwimveliso yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokubonelela ngurhulumente ngemveliso efunekayo.

Ubume bezentlalo, ngokutsho kwePlato, kusekelwe kwinto yokuba ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kweziqhamo phakathi kweklasi nganye (amaqhawe anesibindi, abalawuli banobulumko, abagcisa kunye nabasimizi balinganisela), kunye nokubonga kwi-hierarchy ebunzima kwi-state, ubuchule obuphezulu bubonakala-ubulungisa obukhokelela Ukuvisisana. Ngaloo ndlela, iimfuno zomntu zenziwa ngumbingelelo egameni lezinto eziqhelekileyo.

Okwangoku, imbono ye-utopia inamanani amanqaku athile. Ngokukodwa, kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kuthathe oko kuza kwenzeka kwikamva, kunye nokuphephelela emininzi imiphumo emibi yabantu kwimicimbi yabantu. Akuzange ilahlekelwe intsingiselo yayo kwimisebenzi eminingi engummangaliso.