Uvavanyo olusenyakatho luyilo lokulinganisa le-theory-kinetic theory

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, ukufundwa kwe-Brownian (i-chaotic) i-molecule yamanqweno yayinomdla kwizinto ezininzi ze-physics zelo xesha. Iingcamango zesakhiwo se-molecular-kinetic yenkalo , eyenziwe nguScottusosayensi waseScotland uJacob Maxwell , nangona yayibonakala kwihlabathi laseYurophu kwizandi zenzululwazi, yayikho kuphela kwifom. Kwakungabikho ubungqina bokuba ke ngoko. Ukunyuka kwama-molecule kwakusenakufikeleleka ukuba kulandelelwe, kwaye ukulinganisa kwesantya sawo kwakubonakala nje ingxaki engabonakaliyo yesayensi.

Yingakho iilingo ezinokukwazi ukubonisa ubungqina bemoleksi yombandela kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba isantya sokunyuka kwamaqabunga ayo angabonakali okokuqala kwakubonwa njengesiseko. Ukubaluleka kokubaluleka kwezo zenzululwazi kwenzululwazi yezinto ezibonakalayo kubonakala, kuba oko kwasenza sikwazi ukufumana ilungelo lobungqina kunye nobungqina bokuba kukho enye yeengcamango ezihamba phambili zexesha-i-molecular-kinetic theory.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lemashumi mabini, isayensi yehlabathi isifikelele kwinqanaba elaneleyo lophuhliso lokubonakala kwamathuba okwenene ekuqinisekiseni ukulingwa kwengcamango kaMaxwell. I-physicist yaseJamani u-Otto Stern ngowe-1920, esebenzisa indlela yamatyeyunithi, eyenziwe ngumFrentshi uLouis Dunoyer ngo-1911, wakwazi ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwee-molecules zegesi zesilivere. Uvavanyo olusenyakatho lubonakalisa ngokungaqiniseki ukuqinisekiswa komthetho wokusabalalisa uMaxwell. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo ziqinisekisile ukuchaneka koqikelelo lwee- atom eziqhelekileyo , ezibangelwa kwiingcamango ezicatshulwa nguMaxwell. Enyanisweni, ukuzama kwe-Stern kwakwazi ukunika ulwazi olufutshane kakhulu malunga nohlobo lokukhangela ngokukhawuleza. Ulwazi olunzulu olunzulu lwenzululwazi lwalufanele ulinde enye iminyaka elithoba.

Ngokuchaneka ngakumbi, umthetho wokusabalalisa wawuqinisekiswa nguLammert ngowe-1929, okwakusenza ngcono ukuzama ukuzama ukugqithisa i-molecular molecule ngokusebenzisa iidiski ezijikelezayo ezineemingxuma kunye nokuxoshwa komnye nomnye. Ukutshintsha isantya sokujikeleza kweyunithi kunye ne-angle phakathi kweemingxuma, uLammert wakwazi ukwahlula iamolekyu nganye kwi-boram, enezibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo zesantya. Kodwa bekuyiyona ndlela yokuzama ukuqala eyenza uphando lovavanyo kwintsimi ye-molecular-kinetic theory.

Ngomnyaka we-1920, ukusekwa kokuqala kokuhlola kwenziwa, okuyimfuneko yokwenza iimvavanyo zolu hlobo. Kwakuquka iibini zeesilinda, ezenziwe ngokwabo ngeStern. Ngaphakathi kweso sixhobo kwafakwa intonga encomekileyo yeplatinum ngeengubo zesilivere, ezazisuka xa i-axis ishushu ngombane. Ngaphandle kweemeko zokungcola ezadalwa ngaphakathi kokufakela, ibhanki encinci yee-atyesi zesilivere ezidlulileyo kwi-slot longitudinal cut on the surface of the cylinders kwaye zihleli kwi-screen yangaphandle. Kakade, iyunithi yayishukunywe, kwaye ngelixa i-athomu efikelele phezulu, yakwazi ukujika kwinqanaba. Ngale ndlela iStern izimisele isivinini sokuhamba kwawo.

Kodwa oku akukuphela kwempumelelo yesayensi ye-Otto Stern. Ngonyaka kamva, kunye noWalter Gerlach, wenza uvavanyo oluqinisekisile ubukho be-athini kunye nokuqinisekisa ubungqina babo beendawo. Uvavanyo lwe-Stern-Gerlach ludinga ukudala isicwangciso esithile esikhethekileyo sokumisa nge- magnet esisigxina kwisiseko sayo. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe le-magnetic field eyenziwe yilo candelo elinamandla, iinqununu zeplastiki zaye zacatshulwa ngokuhambelana nokuhamba kwazo.