Inkqubo yezilwanyana. Umjikelezo we-nitrojeni kwindalo

Isixhobo seekhemikhali esine-atomic number 7 sikhethwe ngumqondiso uN (nitroenium). Igama layo - "iiposi" - ukusuka kwisiGrike samaGrike liguqulelwe ngokuthi "elingenampilo". Eli gama, ngokweminye yeengcamango zenzeke kulo, lucetywayo ngu-Antoine Lavoisier ngo-1787, endaweni ye-"bhotile" ngaphambili, "yachithwa" kunye ne "mephitic" emoyeni. Kwakuloo nto iqela leentetho zaseFransi, apho umsebenzi wabo uLavoisier wathabatha inxaxheba ebandakanyekayo, wayebandakanyeka ekuphuhlisweni kwemigaqo yeemenclature yamachiza. Nangona kunjalo, ipropati ye-nitrogen yayingagcinwa ukuxhasa ukutsha okanye ukuphefumla.

Ngokwezinye iinguqulelo, igama elithi "nitrogen" lithe laqalwa nguLavoisier kunye nabalingane bakhe. Kufunyenwe kwincwadi ye-alchemical ekuqaleni kwe-Middle Ages ukuchaza oko kuthiwa "into ephambili yentsimbi", kwaye bekuthiwa, ngaphandle kweyona, kwipropati ye "alpha kunye ne-omega" yezinto zonke.

Kwimvelo, i-nitrogen ingafumaneka njengezinto ezilula kunye nefomula ye-N2, inkunkuma ye-inert engenanto ngaphandle kwebala, umbala kunye nephunga. Iikota ezintathu ze-atmospheric emhlabeni zine-nitrogen. Eli qela lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukholeni kwezityalo nezilwanyana. Ngokwakhiwa kweeprotheni, ipesenti yayo i-16-18% ngesisindo. Ingena kwakhona kwisakhiwo se-nucleic acid, i-nucleoproteins, i-amino acid, i-chlorophyll, i-hemoglobin. Kwiiseli eziphilayo, ngokwemanani yee-athomu, i-nitrogen ihlala malunga ne-2%, kwaye kwinqanaba elincinci le ncwadana landa kwi-2.5%. Element N ihlala kwindawo yesine ngokubaluleka emva kwezinto eziphambili ze-chemistry eziphilayo-i-hydrogen, i-carbon kunye ne-oxygen.

Ngokwenene, umjikelezo we-nitrojeni kwimvelo usekelwe ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali emoyeni. Phakathi kwabo, i-oxidation ibangelwa. Ukusebenzisana kweMichiza kwi-biosphere kudlala indima ebalulekileyo phakathi kwe-nitrogen. Indawo ephambili ye-N2 kwindalo yomoya. Yaye izityalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo, eqinisweni, ziqala umjikelezo we-nitrogeni kwindalo. Ihlabathi lemifuno kwiplanethi yethu yenza umsebenzi weprotheni synthesis. Njengempahla, iititrates zisetyenzisiweyo ezisemhlabeni. Umthombo we nitrates zendalo ngumoya we-nitrogen kunye ne- ammonium salts. Yona indlela yokuguqulwa kwezinto ezilula kwifomu, ekhoyo ukuze kufumaneke izityalo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-nitrogen ebophelelayo.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokubopha i-nitrogen. Kwimeko yokuqala, ngexesha lokukhutshwa kombane, inani elithile le-nitrogen oxides lenziwa. Ukuxilisa emanzini, bangela ukuba kuvele i-nitric acid, eyenza i-push inokubonakala kwimhlaba ye-nitrate. Kwimeko yesibini, i-ammonia yenziwa. Iqhutyelwa ngamabhaktheriya kwi-nitrate, ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka kwiingcambu zengcambu zezityalo ezihlambalayo. Sekunjalo le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-nitrification.

Ukufa kwesi sityalo kukhokelela ekwakheni i-ammonium compounds. Iibhaktheriya zisebenza kuzo, zijika zibe nitrate kunye ne-nitrogen, zibuyela emoyeni. Ukulungiswa, i-nitrification kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwe-nitrogen yizona zixhobo zeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenza umjikelezo we-nitrojeni kwimvelo. Inkqubo yale nkqubo kukuba kukho utshintshi phakathi kokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kunye nokuchazwa kwayo.

Ukulungiswa kwe- nitrojeni kwenzeka xa izityalo zidibanisa i- nitrogen compounds evela emoyeni, ezininzi iintsholongwane kunye ne-cyanobacteria zibandakanyeka kule nkqubo. Imveliso yokulungisa i-nitrogen yi-ammonia, i-nitrate okanye i-nitrites.

Umjikelezo we-nitrogen kwimvelo kunye nokutshintshwa kwe-nitrification kuthatha isinyathelo esilandelayo kwisilungiso. Ngoku i-ammonia idlulela kwi-nitrate kunye ne-nitrites. Ngethuba lexesha lokutshatyalaliswa, umjikelezo we-nitrogen kwimvelo uphela, kunye ne-nitrate eyancipha kwi-nitrogen. Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo kuthathwa yi-pseudomonas, ibhakteria eneentonga kunye nezinye ii-microorganisms.

Ngethuba lokudityaniswa kweemveliso, iimveliso ezinxulumene nazo zingabonakala. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yile nitrous oxide, yinto eqhubekayo yokushisa igesi.

Ukwandisa isihloko, kubalulekile ukuqonda intsingiselo yeengcamango zokubambisana nokunciphisa. Ukumiswa yinkqubo yenguqu ye-nitrojeni engabonakaliyo kwifomu yayo. Ngokwemineralization kuthetha ukuguqulwa kwe-nitrojeni ye-organic kwi-compound inorganic. I-Antagonists ukuhambelana nokuchithwa kweminye yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuguqulwa kwezinto, ngexesha apho kukho umjikelezo we-nitrogen kwindalo.

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