Ubunzima be-molecular molecule bubuninzi bomzimba obuqhelekileyo kwizinto ezithile

Ubuninzi bamamolekyuli, njengama-athomu, kakhulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngokubala kwabo, ukuthelekiswa kunye neyunithi ye-atomic yobunzima kusetyenziswa. Isilinganisi esilinganisela isisombululo somzimba sisixa esilingana nesilinganiselo sobunzima be-molecule ye-compound ukuya kwiqhekeza le-1/12 ye-athomu ye-carbon. Esi sibonakaliso sibonisa ukuba kaninzi kangakanani ubunzima be-molecule yonke idlula i-1/12 inxalenye yesisindo se-carbon particle, kwaye, njenganoma iyiphi nayiphi na inani elithethiweyo, alikho ubukhulu kwaye ikhethwe ngophawu "Mnu".

UMnu (i-compound) = m (i-molecule ehlanganisiwe) / 1/12 m (C). Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenza, esinye isicwangciso sokubala esi sixa sisetyenzisiweyo. Ngokwalo, i-molecular molecular mass (equals molecule) ilingana nenani elipheleleyo lama-atomic masses (Ar) kuwo onke amacandelo eekhemikhali ezenza iqela elinikeziweyo, ngokuqwalasela inani leengqungquthela zeplastiki nganye, Ingabhalwa ngokucwangcisiweyo njengoko:

Mnu (B1xC1y) = x * Ar (B1) + y * Ar (C1).

Ukuze uqinisekise ngokuchanekileyo le xabiso oyifunayo:

1. Yazi ifomula yecomputer yezinto;
2. Ukumisela ngokuchanekileyo uAr etafileni ye-DI Mendeleyev (ngoko ukuba inani emva kwexesha elidlulileyo lilingana okanye liqhelekile kwi-5, ngoko xa ukujikeleza yonke into yongezwa yunithi: umzekelo, uAr (Li) = 6, 941, ngokubalwa sisebenzisa inamba Ilingana no-7, kwaye ukuba inani lingaphantsi kwe-5, yishiye njengoko kunjalo: Ar (K) = 39,098, okt sithatha 39).
3. Xa sibalwa uMnu, asilibale ukuqwalasela inani lee-atom, Ama-Indices ahlala kwimimiselo yefom yefowuni.

Isisindo samathambo esisisombululo, umlinganiselo wesibonakaliso esicacisiwe apha ngasentla, sisetyenziswe kwizixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuba ukubala ixabiso elinikiweyo lento elula kunelungelo lokufumana kuphela ubunzima be-atomic ngokwetafile zexesha, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, phinda ngenani leengqungquthela zokuqala. Umzekelo: UMnu (P) = Ar (P) = 31 noMnu (N ₂ ) = 2 * Ar (N) = 2 * 14 = 18.

Makhe siqwalasele omnye umzekelo kwaye sibone ukuba isilinganisi samanzi esisisiseko samanzi - sisisombululo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ifom yobumba yale nkunkuma nguH ₂ O, i.e. Iqukethe ii -athomu ezimbini ze- hydrogen kunye ne-atomi ye-oksijini. Ngoko ke, isisombululo sesirekhodi sibonakala kanje:

Mnu (H ₂ O) = 2 * Ar (H) + Ar (O) = 2 * 1 + 16 = 18

Ingabhalwa ngefomatiweyo, ukushiya ibhalo. Eli nani libonisa ukuba uMnu unamaxesha angama-18 ubukhulu kunama-1/12 obunzima be-carbon element. Ngokufanayo, isisombululo samanqwanqwa enomlinganiselo weyiphi i-chemical compound ichongiwe, ngaphandle kokuba i-formula yayo eyaziwayo iyaziwa. Kananjalo, ngokusebenzisa le xabiso, kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela ukubunjwa nokubaluleka kwempahla engaziwayo, ukuseka umxholo we-nuclides ngamnye. Ngokwenza oko, iindlela ze-physicochemical, ezifana ne: distillation, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography , njl., Zisetyenziselwa ukumisela uMnu. Ukufumanisa ukuba i-polymers yesalathisi isebenzisa iindlela ezisekelwe kwiipropati zenkqonkqozo zezicombululo ( qinisekisa inani lemibhonkqo kabini, iqela elisebenzayo, i-viscosity, ikhono lokusabalalisa ukukhanya).

Ngaloo ndlela, i-molecular molecular unit is in nature in each substance kwaye iya kuba yedwa kuyo. Eli xabiso lugqityiweyo kwiimveliso ezilula kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi , ezingahambelaniyo kunye nezendalo. Izalathisi zalo zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekufundeni nasekuhlanganiseni iipolym ezizoxhomekeka kwiimilinganiselo zamathambo.