UMfundisi Ambrose Optina: i-biography, umthandazo kunye namaqiniso anomdla

Kwidlabathi yaseVvedensky Optina, umdlavuza kunye neengqungquthela zomoya ongcwele uhlala, owaba ngummangaleli omkhulu waseRashiya ngekhulu le-19. Wayengenaso isikhundla sebhishopu okanye i-archimandrite kwaye yayingekho yehegum. I-Monk Ambrose ye-Optina yi-hieromonk eqhelekileyo. Ukuba uyagula, wenyuka waya kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-monasticism engcwele. Umvumeli waba nguHeroschemonch. Ngoko kule nqanaba waya eNkosini. Namhlanje, njengeminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, abantu bayamcela ukuba athandaze kunye nomncedisi wokuthandaza. Ephantse kwimimandla yakhe engcwele, abagulayo baphiliswa kwizifo ezingenakuphiliswa.

I-Monk Ambrose ye-Optina: Ubomi

U-Saint Ambrose ehlabathini wayebizwa ngokuba nguAlexander Grenkov. Wazalelwa ngoNovemba 23, 1812 kwiphondo laseTambov, kwidolophana yaseBolshaya Lipovitsa. Umkhulu wakhe wayengumbingeleli, uyise - uMikhail F. Frenkovitch - wayekhonza njenge-sacristan ebandleni. Igama lonina kwakunguMarta Nikolaevna. Wayebandakanyeka ekukhuliseni abantwana bakhe abasibhozo. Ngendlela, unyana ka-Aleksandriya wayengowesithandathu. Uyise wale nkwenkwe wafa kakhulu. Abantwana babehlala kwintsapho kayise.

Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini uAlexandro, ogama lakhe lihlonishwa ngu-Alexander Nevsky, wanikelwa kwisikolo saseTambov. Emva kokugqitywa ngowe-1830, yena, njengomfundi ogqwesileyo kakhulu, wathunyelwa kwi-seminary yaseTambov. Wayegula kakhulu waza wafunga wathi: Ukuba iNkosi iyithumisela, iya kuthathwa njenge-monk. Kodwa, emva kokufumana oko wayekufunayo kunye nokuphumelela kwi-seminari ngo-1836, akazange akhuphe nge-monasticism. Ekuqaleni uAlexander waba ngumfundisi wasekhaya wabantwana bomthengisi ocebileyo. Emva koko waqala ukufundisa isiGrike kwi-Lipetsk Theological School.

Okwesithathu kwi-monasticism

Kodwa isifo esichukumisayo sazibonakalisa kwakhona. Ngomhlobo wakhe omuhle uPavel Pokrovsky wa tyelela uZiqu-zintathu-uSt. Sergio Lavra kunye nokuhamba kwendoda endala uHilarion evela kwidolophana yaseTroekurovo. Wamcebisa ukuba aye e-Optina entlango, kuba wayedinga khona. Ngomnyaka we-1839, u-Alexander wahamba ngokufihlakele kwindlu yeendwendwe eboniswe ngumdala ongcwele. Ngeentsikelelo zikaMfundisi u- Optina Umdala, uyise kaLevi, waqala ukuhlala ehotele aze aguqulele imisebenzi "Yosindiso Ngonono" yesizwe saseGrike se-Agapit Land. Ebusika ngo-1840, wathuthela e-monasteri. Kwaye emva kwentwasahlobo, emva kokupheliswa kwemfazwe malunga nokunyamalala kwemfihlo kwisikolo sasePiltsk, uyamkelwa njengesivivinywa. Ekuqaleni wayekhonza njengomgcini weeseli, kwaye emva koko wayengumfundi kwindoda endala uLobert. Emva koko wenza umsebenzi wengqolowa. Emva koko wanyiswa ekhitshini njengomncedisi.

Nangona uSterets Leo wayephila, ngo-1841 wadlulisela ukuthobela kunye noyise osekudala uMakarii. Kwakuyintando yakhe ukuba waqale waxhaswa kwi-Rassophore ehlobo, kwaye ekupheleni kuka-1842 wayegqoke ingubo egameni lakhe ngokuhlonipha uSt. Ambrose waseMilan. Ngonyaka kamva wanyulwa i-hierodeacon, kwaye ekuqaleni kwebusika ka-1845 wanyulwa njengomfundisi waseKaluga. Ngethuba lohambo, wabamba ubanda obubi, obangela iingxaki kwizitho zangaphakathi. Ngoko ke, akakwazi ukukhonza.

Umncedisi omdala

Ekupheleni kwehlobo le-1846, i-hieromonk yamiselwa njengomncedi ebomini bokomoya kaMacarius omdala. Kodwa impilo embi ngexesha elinye yaba yinto ebangela ukuba ubomi bukaSt. Ambrose bube nobungozi. Kwakulo xesha ke wamkela i-schema enkulu ngaphandle kokuguqula igama lakhe. Ukhuthazwa kubaqeshwa. Yaye uhlala kwixabiso leendwendwe. Kancinci, impilo yaphucuka kancane. Emva kokuhamba kukaMakari ukuya eNkosini, uYise Ambrose uthatha umsebenzi wobudala. UMfundisi wayehlala ehlutywa ngesifo esithile: ngoko i-gastritis yakhe yanda, kwaye kwahlanza ukuhlanza, ngoko ke isifo sokuphazamiseka, ngoko kubanda kubanda okanye kumkhuhlane. Ngowe-1862, wafumana ukutshintshwa kwezandla zakhe. Unyango olongezelelekileyo luye lwaphazamisa impilo yakhe. Wayeka ukuya ecaweni ukuze unqulo, kwaye ke akazange akwazi ukushiya iseli lakhe nonke.

Izifo

Ngowe-1868, i-hemorrhoidal hemorrhage yongezwa kuzo zonke izilonda. Emva koko i-hegum ye-monastery uIsake wacela ukuba abuyele kule dolophu uphawu lwempawu lukaMama kaThixo waseKaluga. Kwiseli yomdala, i-moleben yenziwe kunye ne-Akathist iTheotokos, emva koko uBawo Ambrose wayebhetele ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, isifo asizange sipheleke kakuhle. Wayephindaphinda aphinde aphinde abuye afumaneke aze afe.

Umvuzo womdala u-Ambrose wawunqamlezo lwegolide lwe-pectoral - isikhuthazo esinqabileyo kakhulu ngeli xesha. I-Monk Ambrose ngo-1884 yaba ngumsunguli weendwendwe zamantombazana, e-Optina, kwidolophana yaseShamordino. Wasikelela uSikhimahina Sophia ukukhokela uluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Kakade kamva wathola isikhundla se-monastery (Oktobha 1, 1884), xa ibandla lokuqala lalingcweliswa, elidalwe kwimisebenzi kwimithandazo kaBawo Ambrose. Ngomnyaka we-1912, omnye wabemi beli khosari kwakunguMaria Tolstaya, udade kaLeon Tolstoy, owaphazamiseka yiCawa laseOrthodox yaseRussia ngo-1901. Wafa apho emva konyaka omnye, ethatha i- tonsure ye-monastic ezintathu iintsuku ngaphambi kokufa .

Isicatshulwa

U-Saint Ambrose wasweleka kwi-cloister yaseChamordin. Oku kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 10, 1891. Wangcwatyelwa entlango yaseOptina, kufuphi nomngcwaba kaBawo Makarii. Inani elikhulu labantu lafika kwinkonzo yokungcwaba ukusuka kumacala onke. Kwaye nantsi - ibali malunga nomdala uZosima evela "abazalwana bakaKaramazov" uDostoevsky. Enyanisweni, ngeli xesha umbhali wayekade efile. Imini embalwa ehlobo le-1878, i-FM Dostoevsky, kunye nomhlobo wakhe kunye no-Vladimir Solovyov, bachitha e-Optina entlango. Iintlanganiso kunye neendonki zenza umlobi ukuba enze umfanekiso womdala uZosima. UDostoevsky, onjengoLobert Tolstoy, wayenebudlelwane obusondeleyo nomdala ongcwele u-Ambrose, owakushiya ngokucacileyo ezintliziyweni zamaRussia amakhulu.

Kodwa masibuyele ekungcwabeni kwendoda endala. Ekuqaleni komngcwabo wonkcenkceshelo, ngokukhawuleza, iphunga elibi kakhulu laqala ukusasazeka emzimbeni. Umdala u-Ambrose ngokwakhe wayelumkisa ngale nto ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, ukuba wayezimisele ukuba wafumana umvuzo ongasifanelanga ngokungaqhelekanga. Kwakukho ubushushu obunzima. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphunga kokubola kwaphela. Kwaye kwaqala ukusasazezela umnikelo oqhelekileyo, zombini kwiintyatyambo kunye nobusi.

Inkonzo kubantu

UMonk Ambrose we-Optina wanikela ngobomi bakhe bonke ekukhonzeni ummelwane wakhe. Abantu babecinga ukuba uyamthanda kwaye uyamkhathalela, ngoko waphendula ngokuhlonipha. Ngo-1988, wabalwa phakathi kwabangcwele kwiBhunga laseKhaya le-ROC. UMongameli weMonk u-Ambrose Optina uthetha nabo bonke abantu ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo, ngokuchanekileyo kunye neentloni ezilungileyo. Kwaye kwangexesha elifanayo wayenokunika iimpendulo kule mibuzo kubantu abathandekayo nabadumileyo belo xesha. Kwakhona wayenokuzolalisa umfazi owayengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, owakhankqalaza ukuba i-turkeys yakhe yayifa, kwaye loo ntokazi yayingayikhupha ngaphandle kweyadi.

I-Monk Ambrose ye-Optina: iimfundiso

UBawo Amrosy ufundise ukuba abantu bafanele baphile njengevili elithintela ubuso bomhlaba ngento enye, kwaye zonke izinto zivame ukunyuka. Wayesoloko ethetha loo nyaniso:

1. Ngokusisiseko asikwazi ukuvuka njengemingxuma.
2. Kuphi okulula, kukho iingelosi ezilikhulu, kwaye apho kunzima khona, akukho nanye.
3. Umntu omubi kuba uyalibala ukuba kukho uThixo phezu kwakhe.
4. Ukuba umntu ucinga kakhulu ngaye ukuba unokuthile, uya kulahlwa.

Ngokutsho kweSt. Ambrose, kuyimfuneko ukuba siphile ngokulula, kuba oku kukuhle. Akukho mfuneko yokugubha ubuchopho bakho, into ephambili kukuthandaza kuThixo, Uya kulungisa yonke into, ngoko ungazitshutshisi ngokucinga malunga nokuba yintoni na ukuyenza yonke into. Yonke into kufuneka ihambe njengoko kufanelekile - oko kuthetha ukuhlala lula. Ukuba ufuna ukuziva uthando, yakha imisebenzi yothando, nangona ekuqaleni ngaphandle kokuva. Ngelinye ilanga, uBawo Ambrose watshelwa ukuba uthetha nje. Kule nto waphendula wathi yena ngokwakhe wabuza uThixo iminyaka engamashumi amabini. UMonk Ambrose waseOptina waba ngumdala wesithathu emva koMonks Leo kunye noMacarius. Ungumfundi wabo, owaba ngowona edumileyo kunye nodumo phakathi kwabo bonke abadala base-Optina entlango.

INkonzo

USaint Basil Omkhulu wanikela ingcaciso yakhe kumntu. Wabiza ukuba ayibonakaliyo. Oku kusebenza kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu kubantu abanjalo bokomoya njengomdala uAmbrose. Kuphela okubizwa ngokuba yintsimbi yokuphila kwakhe kwangaphandle kubonakala ngaphandle, kwaye umntu unokuqiqa nje ngehlabathi elingaphakathi. Isekelwe kumthandazo wokuzidela ohlala njalo, ongabonakali kwiso luntu, ukukwazi kwangaphambili kweNkosi.

Ngeentsuku zeememori zengcwele, inkonzo isebenza rhoqo. Inikezelwe kwiSt Ambrose yeOptina. Kukho abantu abaninzi abahambayo. I-Akathist kwi-St. Ambrose ye-Optina ihlala ifundwa. Ukufa komdala ongcwele akuzange kuphazanyise ukuxhamla kwakhe nabantu abafumana uncedo ngokumangalisayo ngokuphilisa ngomthandazo wakhe. Ukuphakanyiswa kukaSt. Ambrose we-Optina kuqalisa ngamagama athi: "Sikudumisa, uMfundisi uYise Ambrose ...". Icawa ikhumbula igama le-monk ngo-Oktobha 10 -lo suku awazisa ngalo eNkosini, ngo-Juni 27-umhla weempahla zakhe kunye no-Oktobha 11 kwiCathhedral yama-Optina Abadala. Umthandazo kuMonk Ambrose Optina uqala ngamagama athi: "O badala kunye nomkhonzi kaThixo, uBawo uYohane Ambrose ...".

Amakholwa anqwenela ukujoyina iingcwele kunye nokuthandaza kuMonk Ambrose, enokholo olunzulu, uya kuba nokuphilisa. Umdala uya kumncenga eNkosini. Ukwazi oku, abantu bahlala bekhawuleza kwi-Optina iindawo zokunceda uncedo kunye nokukhuselwa.

Imithetho yomthandazo yoMfundisi Omdala

Kukhona umyalelo womthandazo weMonk Ambrose we-Optina. Ilandela enye yeencwadi zakhe kubantwana bakhe bokomoya. Uyabhala ukuba umntu uhlale ekholelwa kunye nethemba ngenene inceba yeNkosi, eya kukusindisa kuyo nayiphi na inyathelo lomntu kunye neentshaba. Emva koko ubhekisela kwiindumiso zikaDavide, awayezithandaza ngelixa lokutshutshiswa kwabalandeli bakhe. Lo ngowesi-3, ngowama-53, ngowama-58, ngowama-142. Ngaphezu koko, ubhala malunga nokuba uyazikhethela amagama afanelekileyo kwimeko yakhe kwaye ahlale efunda, ehlala ebhekisela kuThixo ngokuthobeka nangokholo. Kwaye xa kuza kuphelelwa yintlungu kwaye uzalise umphefumlo ngesisa esingenakubalwa, ucebisa ukuba ufunde iNdumiso 101.

Imodi

I-Monk ithole inani elikhulu labantu esitokisini. Abantu beza kuye bevela kuzo zonke iindawo zaseRashiya. Wavuswa kakhulu kusasa-ngo-ezine ekuseni. Ngeminyaka emihlanu wayesezibiza ngokuba ngabagcini beeseli. Kwaye kwaqala umthetho wokusa. Emva koko wathandaza wedwa. Ngehoba lesithoba kwindibano yamkela-yokuqala kuqala iimonki, kwaye emva kwabo bebonke. Wayegqiba imini yakhe nge-11 yintsimbi, xa kwakufundwa umyalelo wokuhlwa. Ngobusuku bobusuku uMdala, ekugqibeleni, wahlala yedwa. Wayenomsebenzi onjalo malunga neminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Kwaye ngoko yonke imihla wenza umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu. Ngaphambi kweMonk Ambrose abadala abazange bamkele abafazi kwiiseli zabo. Kwakhona wadibana nabo, kuba yindoda yomoya. Ngoko ke, waba ngumcebisi kamva kunye nomsunguli weendwendwe zamakhosikazi e-Shamordino.

Imimangaliso

Umdala, ngenxa yomthandazo wakhe onobuqili, wayenesipho esivela kuThixo-ngokumangalisa nangengqondo. Kukho amacala amaninzi aqoshiwe kumazwi abantu. Emva kokuba elinye ibhinqa laseVoronezh lalahlekelwa yindlela ehlathini, eyayiyintsimbi e sixhenxe evela kwiindwendwe. Kwaza kwangoko wabona indoda endala eyayihamba nayo. Kulo, waya endlwini yendlu yabahlali be-Ambrose. Xa efika kufuphi, ngokukhawuleza i-cell-outman ephumayo yambuza: phi i-Avdotya evela kwisixeko saseVoronezh? Kwimizuzu elineshumi elinesibini emva koko wamshiya indoda endala yonke iinyembezi kunye nokulila. Yaye yathi u-Ambrose ngumntu ofanayo owamngenisa endleleni efanelekileyo ehlathini.

Kwakukho omnye umzekelo omangalisayo xa inkosi enye yafika e-Optina iinqaba ngeemyalelo kunye nemali yokwenza i-iconostasis. Ngaphambi kokushiya, wagqiba ekubeni acele umdala insikelela. Kodwa wathi kuyimfuneko ukulinda iintsuku ezintathu. Inkosi yayicinga ukuba "yayiza kubakho" umvuzo wakhe kakhulu, kodwa wayeseyiphulaphula umloki omdala. Kamva wafunda ukuba, ngaphandle kokunika intsikelelo ixesha elininzi, indoda endala imlondoloze ngokusuka ekufeni. Emva koko, yonke le mihla emithathu yomfundi wayemlindile phantsi kwebhuloho, ukuphanga nokubulala. Kuphela xa behamba, ummangalelwa wamkela inkosi waza wamkhulula.

Kwaye ngolunye usuku uMonk Ambrose we-Optina wavuselela ihashe elifileyo lomntu ohluphekileyo owayelilela. Oyingcwele kumgama unokuthi, njengoNicholas uMmangaliso, unceda abantu kwiintlekele ezahlukeneyo. Amanqaku amnandi amaninzi afakwe kunye negama leStrose. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakungekho nto uMoya oyiNgcwele uMacarius akuxela ukuba uya kuba ngumntu omkhulu.

Isiphelo

Xa amaxesha okutshitshiswa okukhulu ahlasela ilizwe, intaba yaseOptina yachitheka kwaye yavalwa. Iqonga elisezantsi engcwabeni lomdala libhujiswa. Kodwa indlela eya kwingcwaba yongcwele ayizange ingene. Ekwindla ka-1987, intlango yaseOptina iphinde ibuyiselwe kwiCawa. Ngomhla wokukhumbula imvuselelo ye-monastery, uphawu lwe-Kazan Mother of God luhlekisiwe. Ukufunyanwa kweempahla ze-St. Ambrose ye-Optina kwenzeka ngo-1998. Ngoku izidumbu zakhe ezingapheliyo zihlala eDesini yaseOptina, kwiTempile yaseVvedensky.